Collision of Commonality and Personalization: Better Understanding of the Periosteum.

The periosteum is quite essential for bone repair. The excellent osteogenic properties of periosteal tissue make it a popular choice for accelerated osteogenesis in tissue engineering. With advances in research and technology, renewed attention has been paid to the periosteum. Recent studies have shown that the complexity of the periosteum is not only limited to histological features but also includes genetic and phenotypic features. In addition, the periosteum is proved to be quite site-specific in many ways. This brings challenges to the selection of periosteal donor sites. Limited understanding of the periosteum sets up barriers to developing optimal tissue regeneration strategies. A better understanding of periosteum could lead to better applications. Therefore, we reviewed the histological structure, gene expression, and function of the periosteum from both the commonality and personalization. It aims to discuss some obscure issues and untapped potential of periosteum and artificial periosteum in the application, where further theoretical research is needed. Overall, the site-specificity of the periosteum needs to be fully considered in future applications. However, significant further work is needed in relevant clinical trials to promote the further development of artificial periosteum.