Interplay of Seasonality, Major and Trace Elements: Impacts on the Polychaete .

Polychaetes are known to be good bioindicators of marine pollution, such as inorganic contamination. Major and trace elements are commonly present in sediment and may be accumulated by polychaetes such as the tubiculous . In this study, individuals were collected in the autumn, winter, spring, and summer of 2018/2019 from the Ria de Aveiro lagoon (western Portugal) to understand how seasonality influences element accumulation. The impact of the interaction of seasonality and elements on oxidative status, energy metabolism, and oxidative damage was also assessed. The obtained results showed that the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione S-transferases, and non-protein thiol levels were higher in summer and that superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation, and electron transport system activity increased in winter. The lowest glycogen levels were observed during spring, and protein carbonylation was the highest during autumn. These results could mainly be related to high temperatures and the bioaccumulation of Al, As, Mn, and Zn. Energy-related parameters increased during spring and autumn, mainly due to the bioaccumulation of the same elements during spring and summer. Lipid damage was higher during winter, which was mainly due to salinity and temperature decreases. Overall, this study demonstrates that seasonality plays a role in element accumulation by polychaetes and that both impact the oxidative status of