Hernandez Brenda Y, Biggs Jason, Zhu Xuemei, Sotto Patrick, Nagata Michelle, Mendez Ana Joy Pacilan, Paulino Yvette
University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
University of Guam Cancer Research Center, Mangilao, GU 96913, USA.
Microorganisms. 2022 Aug 9;10(8):1607. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10081607.
(1) Background: Cyanobacteria produce a wide range of secondary metabolites, including tumor-promoting hepatotoxins. We recently reported evidence of an independent association between oral cyanobacteria and hepatocellular carcinoma in a U.S. population. We sought to characterize the nature, sources, and health correlates of cyanotoxin exposure in the U.S. Pacific Island territory of Guam, which has a high incidence of liver cancer. (2) Methods: Seventy-four adult males and females were enrolled in a cross-sectional study to quantify cyanotoxins in saliva, urine, and blood and their correlation with health behaviors, medical history, and environmental exposures. Plant samples were collected from locations throughout the island. Microcystin/nodularin (MC/NOD), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), and anabaenopeptin (AB) were measured in biospecimens and in plant extracts by ELISA. (3) Results: Overall, among study participants MC/NOD were detected in 53.9% of saliva, 7.5% of urine, and 100% of serum.; CYN in 40.0% of saliva, 100.0% of urine, and 70.4% of serum; AB in 30.8% of saliva, 85% of urine, and 92.6% of serum. Salivary MC/NOD levels were significantly higher in individuals using municipal tap water as their primary source of drinking water; both salivary and urinary MC/NOD levels were higher in those not using store-bought/commercial water. Urine MC/NOD levels were highest among individuals consuming fruits and vegetables exclusively from local sources. Urine MC/NOD levels were elevated in individuals with hypertension and hyperlipidemia and salivary MC/NOD in those with recent alcohol consumption. Cyanotoxins were prevalent in plant samples including MC/NOD (46.6%), CYN (35.1%), and AB (51.7%). (4) Conclusions: Our study provides evidence that exposure to cyanobacterial hepatotoxins, including tumor promoters, may be prevalent in Guam and may originate from environmental sources. Population-based epidemiologic studies are needed to investigate the role of cyanotoxins in liver cancer development.
（1）背景：蓝藻会产生多种次生代谢产物，包括具有促癌作用的肝毒素。我们最近报告了美国人群中口腔蓝藻与肝细胞癌之间存在独立关联的证据。我们试图描述美国太平洋岛屿属地关岛蓝藻毒素暴露的性质、来源及其与健康的相关性，关岛的肝癌发病率很高。（2）方法：74名成年男性和女性参与了一项横断面研究，以量化唾液、尿液和血液中的蓝藻毒素及其与健康行为、病史和环境暴露的相关性。从全岛各地采集植物样本。通过酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）检测生物样本和植物提取物中的微囊藻毒素/节球藻毒素（MC/NOD）、柱孢藻毒素（CYN）和鱼腥藻肽（AB）。（3）结果：总体而言，在研究参与者中，53.9%的唾液、7.5%的尿液和100%的血清中检测到MC/NOD；40.0%的唾液、100.0%的尿液和70.4%的血清中检测到CYN；30.8%的唾液、85%的尿液和92.6%的血清中检测到AB。以市政自来水作为主要饮用水源的个体唾液中的MC/NOD水平显著更高；不使用市售/商用饮用水的个体唾液和尿液中的MC/NOD水平更高。仅食用本地来源水果和蔬菜的个体尿液中的MC/NOD水平最高。高血压和高脂血症个体的尿液MC/NOD水平升高，近期饮酒者的唾液MC/NOD水平升高。蓝藻毒素在植物样本中普遍存在，包括MC/NOD（46.6%）、CYN（35.1%）和AB（51.7%）。（4）结论：我们的研究提供了证据表明，包括肿瘤促进剂在内的蓝藻肝毒素暴露在关岛可能很普遍，且可能源于环境来源。需要开展基于人群的流行病学研究来调查蓝藻毒素在肝癌发生中的作用。
