Optimization of an Efficient Protoplast Transformation System for Transient Expression Analysis Using Leaves of .

() is one of the most widely used horticultural flowers and is considered a potential model plant for the genetic investigation of ornamental traits. In this study, we optimized an efficient protocol for high efficiency preparation and transformation of protoplast. The transformation rate reached ~75% when a construct was used for the transformation. Using this system, we characterized the subcellular localization of several TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) transcription factors (TFs), and found a distinct localization pattern between the CIN and CYC classes of TCP TFs. Furthermore, we also demonstrated the feasibility of the expression of dual luciferase assay system in protoplasts for the measurement of the activity of -regulatory elements. Taken together, a well-optimized transient expression system in protoplasts would be crucial for rapid exploration of the gene function or -regulatory elements.