Transcriptome profiles of high-lysine adaptation reveal insights into osmotic stress response in .

has been widely and effectively used for fermentative production of l-lysine on an industrial scale. However, high-level accumulation of end products inevitably leads to osmotic stress and hinders further increase of l-lysine production. At present, the underlying mechanism by which cells adapt to high-lysine-induced osmotic stress is still unclear. In this study, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic analysis by RNA-seq to determine gene expression profiles under different high-lysine stress conditions. The results indicated that the increased expression of some metabolic pathways such as sulfur metabolism and specific amino acid biosynthesis might offer favorable benefits for high-lysine adaptation. Functional assays of 18 representative differentially expressed genes showed that the enhanced expression of multiple candidate genes, especially chaperon, conferred high-lysine stress tolerance in . Moreover, DNA repair component MutT and energy-transducing NADH dehydrogenase Ndh were also found to be important for protecting cells against high-lysine-induced osmotic stress. Taken together, these aforementioned findings provide broader views of transcriptome profiles and promising candidate targets of for the adaptation of high-lysine stress during fermentation.