Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2022 Nov;261:109446. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109446. Epub 2022 Aug 24.
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and cypermethrin (CYP) are two insecticides that have a proven negative effect on non-target aquatic organisms when they enter the surface waters. However, literature on the comparative effects of these pesticides on important aquaculture fish species, such as common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) is not yet scientifically detailed, especially over the long-term. The idea of conducting a long-term exposure is to find out how the observed biomarkers would change compared to the short-term exposure. In the natural environment, toxicants are not present alone, but in combination. By monitoring the long-term impact of individual substances, the state of aquatic ecosystems exposed to various toxicants could be predicted. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of different concentrations of CYP (0.0002, 0.0003, and 0.0006 μg/L) and CPF (0.03, 0.05, and 0.10 μg/L) in 50-L glass tanks on C. carpio, exposed for 30 days under laboratory conditions. A set of histological and biochemical biomarkers in the gills and liver were applied with the chemical analyses of water and fish organs. Furthermore, the condition and hepatosomatic index were calculated to assess the physiological status of the treated carps. The behavioral responses were also monitored, and the respiration rate was analyzed. The results suggest that CYP had a more prominent effect on the histological structure of fish organs, biochemical responses of anti-oxidant enzymes, behavior, and respiration rate compared to the effect of CPF. In addition, the results also indicate that the liver is more susceptible to chronic and chemically induced cellular stress compared to the gills, with overall destructive changes in the histological biomarkers rather than adaptive. Regardless of the scenario, our results provide novel insights into pesticide exposure and the possible biological impacts on economically important freshwater fish, exposed to lower CYP and CPF concentrations, based on the EU legislation (maximum allowable concentrations, MAC-EQS).
毒死蜱（CPF）和氯菊酯（CYP）是两种杀虫剂，当它们进入地表水域时，已被证明对非目标水生生物有负面影响。然而，关于这些杀虫剂对重要水产养殖鱼类（如鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus，1758））的比较影响的文献尚未在科学上详细说明，特别是在长期内。进行长期暴露的想法是找出与短期暴露相比，观察到的生物标志物会如何变化。在自然环境中，有毒物质不是单独存在的，而是组合存在的。通过监测单一物质的长期影响，可以预测暴露于各种有毒物质的水生生态系统的状态。因此，本研究旨在评估不同浓度的 CYP（0.0002、0.0003 和 0.0006μg/L）和 CPF（0.03、0.05 和 0.10μg/L）对实验室条件下 50 升玻璃缸中鲤鱼的毒性。应用鳃和肝脏的一系列组织学和生化生物标志物，并对水和鱼器官进行化学分析。此外，还计算了状况和肝体比指数，以评估处理鲤鱼的生理状况。还监测了行为反应，并分析了呼吸率。结果表明，与 CPF 相比，CYP 对鱼类器官的组织结构、抗氧化酶的生化反应、行为和呼吸率有更显著的影响。此外，结果还表明，与鳃相比，肝脏对慢性和化学诱导的细胞应激更敏感，组织学生物标志物的整体破坏性变化而不是适应性变化。无论哪种情况，我们的结果都为农药暴露和可能对经济上重要的淡水鱼类造成的生物影响提供了新的见解，这些鱼类暴露于较低浓度的 CYP 和 CPF 下，基于欧盟法规（最大允许浓度，MAC-EQS）。
