Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
The Third School of Clinical Medicine of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
Front Immunol. 2022 Aug 11;13:955419. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.955419. eCollection 2022.
Immune responses can severely perturb endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function. As a protein-folding factory and dynamic calcium storage compartment, the ER plays a pivotal role in resisting pathogens and in the development of autoimmune diseases and various other diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular, neurological, orthopedic, and liver-related diseases, metabolic disorders, etc. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play important roles in these conditions, suggesting that cells carry out some physiological functions through EVs. The formation of EVs is dependent on the ER. ER stress, as a state of protein imbalance, is both a cause and consequence of disease. ER stress promotes the transmission of pathological messages to EVs, which are delivered to target cells and lead to disease development. Moreover, EVs can transmit pathological messages to healthy cells, causing ER stress. This paper reviews the biological functions of EVs in disease, as well as the mechanisms underlying interactions between ER stress and EVs in multiple diseases. In addition, the prospects of these interactions for disease treatment are described.
免疫反应会严重干扰内质网（ER）的功能。内质网作为蛋白质折叠工厂和动态钙储存室，在抵抗病原体以及自身免疫性疾病和各种其他疾病（包括癌症、心血管、神经、骨科和肝脏相关疾病、代谢紊乱等）的发展中起着关键作用。近年来，越来越多的研究表明，细胞外囊泡（EVs）在这些情况下发挥着重要作用，这表明细胞通过 EVs 执行一些生理功能。EVs 的形成依赖于 ER。内质网应激作为一种蛋白质失衡的状态，既是疾病的原因也是疾病的结果。内质网应激促进病理信息向 EVs 的传递，EVs 被递送到靶细胞并导致疾病的发展。此外，EVs 可以将病理信息传递给健康细胞，导致内质网应激。本文综述了 EVs 在疾病中的生物学功能，以及内质网应激与多种疾病中 EVs 相互作用的机制。此外，还描述了这些相互作用在疾病治疗中的前景。
