Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600116, India.
Med Oncol. 2022 Aug 29;39(11):178. doi: 10.1007/s12032-022-01810-z.
The growth and formation of blood vessels is an undeniably fundamental biological process crucial to controlling overall development of an organism. This phenomenon consists of two separate processes, commencing with vasculogenesis, which refers to the process of blood vessel formation strictly in embryonic stages, via de novo endothelial cell synthesis. Angiogenesis continues the formation of the vascular network via sprouting and splitting. Tumor growth is dependent on the growth and supply of blood vessels around the tumor mass. Extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules can promote angiogenesis by establishing a vascular network and sequestering pro-angiogenic growth factors. Although the methods by which tumor-associated fibroblasts (which differ in phenotype from normal fibroblasts) influence angiogenesis are unknown, they are thought to be a major source of growth factors and cytokines that attract endothelial cells. Chemokines and growth factors (sourced from macrophages and neutrophils) are also regulators of angiogenesis. When considered as a whole, the tumor microenvironment is a heterogenous and dynamic mass of tissue, composed of a plethora of cell types and an ECM that can fundamentally control the pathological angiogenic switch. Angiogenesis is involved in numerous diseases, and understanding the various mechanisms surrounding this phenomenon is key to finding cures.
血管的生长和形成是一个不可否认的基本生物学过程，对控制生物体的整体发育至关重要。这一现象由两个独立的过程组成，首先是血管发生，它指的是胚胎阶段严格的血管形成过程，通过新内皮细胞的合成。血管生成通过发芽和分裂继续形成血管网络。肿瘤的生长依赖于肿瘤周围的血管的生长和供应。细胞外基质（ECM）分子可以通过建立血管网络和隔离促血管生成生长因子来促进血管生成。虽然肿瘤相关成纤维细胞（其表型与正常成纤维细胞不同）影响血管生成的方式尚不清楚，但它们被认为是吸引内皮细胞的生长因子和细胞因子的主要来源。趋化因子和生长因子（来源于巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞）也是血管生成的调节剂。当作为一个整体来看时，肿瘤微环境是一个由多种细胞类型和 ECM 组成的异质和动态组织块，它可以从根本上控制病理性血管生成开关。血管生成涉及许多疾病，了解这一现象周围的各种机制是找到治疗方法的关键。
