Pollution characteristics and source identification of farmland soils in Pb-Zn mining areas through an integrated approach.

Long-term mining activities have caused serious heavy metals contamination of farmland soils. In this study, we investigated the concentrations, distributions, accumulations, potential ecological risk, and sources of eight heavy metals in farmland soils of Pb-Zn mining areas. According to the soil standard GB15618-2018, Cd was the most contaminated, followed by Pb and Zn. The geo-accumulation index showed that Pb, Zn, Cd, and Hg accumulated seriously. The potential risk index indicated that Cd, Hg, and Pb were the main environmental risk elements. An integrated approach combining multivariate statistical analysis, PMF, and GIS mapping was used to analyze the sources of heavy metals. Four main sources were identified and quantified: (1) mining activities source, the main source of Cd (71.09%) and Zn (61.88%); (2) agricultural activities source, dominated by Hg (73.01%); (3) atmospheric deposition sources, with Pb (85.11%) as the main contributor; (4) natural source, characterized by Cr (72.96%), Ni (66.04%), As (55.98%) and Cu (37.70%). This study would help us understand the pollution characteristics and sources of farmland soils in mining areas and provide basic information for the next step of pollution control and remediation.