Herbst Eva C, Meade Luke E, Lautenschlager Stephan, Fioritti Niccolo, Scheyer Torsten M
Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
R Soc Open Sci. 2022 Aug 24;9(8):220519. doi: 10.1098/rsos.220519. eCollection 2022 Aug.
Accurate muscle reconstructions can offer new information on the anatomy of fossil organisms and are also important for biomechanical analysis (multibody dynamics and finite-element analysis (FEA)). For the sake of simplicity, muscles are often modelled as point-to-point strands or frustra (cut-off cones) in biomechanical models. However, there are cases in which it is useful to model the muscle morphology in three dimensions, to better examine the effects of muscle shape and size. This is especially important for fossil analyses, where muscle force is estimated from the reconstructed muscle morphology (rather than based on data collected ). The two main aims of this paper are as follows. First, we created a new interactive tool in the free open access software Blender to enable interactive three-dimensional modelling of muscles. This approach can be applied to both palaeontological and human biomechanics research to generate muscle force magnitudes and lines of action for FEA. Second, we provide a guide on how to use existing Blender tools to reconstruct distorted or incomplete specimens. This guide is aimed at palaeontologists but can also be used by anatomists working with damaged specimens or to test functional implication of hypothetical morphologies.
精确的肌肉重建可以提供关于化石生物解剖结构的新信息，并且对生物力学分析（多体动力学和有限元分析（FEA））也很重要。为了简单起见，在生物力学模型中，肌肉通常被建模为点对点的线或平截头体（截锥）。然而，在某些情况下，对肌肉形态进行三维建模以更好地研究肌肉形状和大小的影响是很有用的。这对于化石分析尤为重要，在化石分析中，肌肉力量是根据重建的肌肉形态估计的（而不是基于收集的数据）。本文的两个主要目标如下。第一，我们在免费开源软件Blender中创建了一个新的交互式工具，以实现肌肉的交互式三维建模。这种方法可应用于古生物学和人类生物力学研究，以生成用于有限元分析的肌肉力量大小和作用线。第二，我们提供了一份关于如何使用现有的Blender工具来重建扭曲或不完整标本的指南。本指南针对古生物学家，但也可供处理受损标本的解剖学家使用，或用于测试假设形态的功能含义。
