Lincoln Institute for Agri-Food Technology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom; School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Nafferton Ecological Farming Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Nafferton Ecological Farming Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population and Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2022 Nov;116(5):1278-1290. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac233. Epub 2023 Feb 10.
Observational studies have linked Mediterranean Diets (MedDiets) and organic food consumption with positive health outcomes, which may be explained by higher mineral micronutrient and phenolic intake and lower dietary exposure to toxic compounds.
We aimed to determine the effects of diet and food type (organic compared with conventional) on urinary excretion (UE) and/or plasma concentrations of mineral micronutrients, phenolics, and toxic metals.
Healthy adult participants were randomly allocated to a conventional (n = 14) or an intervention (n = 13) group. During a 2-wk period, the intervention group consumed a MedDiet made entirely from organic foods, whereas the conventional group consumed a MedDiet made from conventional foods. Before and after the intervention period, both groups consumed their habitual Western diets made from conventional foods. The primary outcome was UE and/or plasma concentrations of selected mineral micronutrients, toxic metals, and phenolic markers. In addition, we monitored diets using food diaries. The participants were aware of study group assignment, but the study assessors were not.
Changing from a Western Diet to a MedDiet for 2 wk resulted in significant increases in UE of total phenolics and salicylic acid (by 46% and 45%, respectively), the mineral micronutrients Co, I, and Mn (by 211%, 70%, and 102%, respectively), and the toxic metal Ni (by 42%), and plasma Se concentrations (by 14%). However, no significant effects of food type (organic compared with conventional) were detected. Redundancy analysis identified vegetables, coffee, wine, and fruit as positive drivers for UE of phenolic markers and mineral micronutrients, and fish consumption as a positive driver for UE of Cd and Pb.
Although small effects of food type cannot be ruled out, our study suggests that only changing to a MedDiet with higher fruit and vegetable, and lower meat, consumption results in a large increase in phenolic and mineral micronutrient intakes. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03254537.
观察性研究表明，地中海饮食（MedDiet）和有机食品的消费与健康结果呈正相关，这可能是由于更高的矿物质微量营养素和酚类物质摄入以及更低的饮食中有毒化合物暴露解释的。
我们旨在确定饮食和食物类型（有机与传统）对尿排泄（UE）和/或矿物质微量营养素、酚类和有毒金属的血浆浓度的影响。
健康成年参与者被随机分配到常规（n=14）或干预（n=13）组。在 2 周的时间内，干预组食用完全由有机食品制成的地中海饮食，而常规组食用由传统食品制成的地中海饮食。在干预期前后，两组均食用由传统食品制成的习惯性西方饮食。主要结果是选择的矿物质微量营养素、有毒金属和酚类标志物的 UE 和/或血浆浓度。此外，我们通过食物日记监测饮食。参与者知道研究组的分配情况，但研究评估者不知道。
将西方饮食改为地中海饮食 2 周，导致总酚和水杨酸的 UE 显著增加（分别增加 46%和 45%），矿物质微量营养素 Co、I 和 Mn（分别增加 211%、70%和 102%）和有毒金属 Ni（增加 42%）以及血浆 Se 浓度（增加 14%）。然而，没有发现食物类型（有机与传统）的显著影响。冗余分析确定蔬菜、咖啡、葡萄酒和水果是酚类标志物和矿物质微量营养素 UE 的正驱动因素，而鱼类消费是 Cd 和 Pb UE 的正驱动因素。
尽管不能排除食物类型的微小影响，但我们的研究表明，只有改变高水果和蔬菜、低肉类消费的地中海饮食，才能大大增加酚类和矿物质微量营养素的摄入量。该试验在 clinicaltrials.gov 上注册为 NCT03254537。
