Hasanaliyeva Gultekin, Sufar Enas Khalid, Wang Juan, Rempelos Leonidas, Volakakis Nikolaos, Iversen Per Ole, Leifert Carlo
School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Brackenhurst Campus, Nottingham Trent University, Nottinghamshire NG25 0QF, UK.
Nafferton Ecological Farming Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
Foods. 2023 Oct 14;12(20):3779. doi: 10.3390/foods12203779.
Mediterranean diets (MedDiets) are linked to substantial health benefits. However, there is also growing evidence that the intensification of food production over the last 60 years has resulted in nutritionally relevant changes in the composition of foods that may augment the health benefits of MedDiets.
To synthesize, summarize, and critically evaluate the currently available evidence for changes in food composition resulting from agricultural intensification practices and their potential impact on the health benefits of MedDiets.
We summarized/synthesized information from (i) systematic literature reviews/meta-analyses and more recently published articles on composition differences between conventional and organic foods, (ii) desk studies which compared food composition data from before and after agricultural intensification, (iii) recent retail and farm surveys and/or factorial field experiments that identified specific agronomic practices responsible for nutritionally relevant changes in food composition, and (iv) a recent systematic literature review and a small number of subsequently published observational and dietary intervention studies that investigated the potential health impacts of changes in food composition resulting from agricultural intensification.
There has been growing evidence that the intensification of food production has resulted in (i) lower concentrations of nutritionally desirable compounds (e.g., phenolics, certain vitamins, mineral micronutrients including Se, Zn, and omega-3 fatty acids, α-tocopherol) and/or (ii) higher concentrations of nutritionally undesirable or toxic compounds (pesticide residues, cadmium, omega-6 fatty acids) in many of the foods (including wholegrain cereals, fruit and vegetables, olive oil, dairy products and meat from small ruminants, and fish) that are thought to contribute to the health benefits associated with MedDiets. The evidence for negative health impacts of consuming foods from intensified conventional production systems has also increased but is still limited and based primarily on evidence from observational studies. Limitations and gaps in the current evidence base are discussed. There is now substantial evidence that the intensification of agricultural food production has resulted in a decline in the nutritional quality of many of the foods that are recognized to contribute to the positive health impacts associated with adhering to traditional MedDiets. Further research is needed to quantify to what extent this decline augments the positive health impacts of adhering to a traditional MedDiet.
地中海饮食与诸多健康益处相关。然而，越来越多的证据表明，过去60年里食品生产的集约化导致了食物成分在营养方面的相关变化，这可能会增强地中海饮食的健康益处。
综合、总结并批判性地评估目前关于农业集约化生产导致食物成分变化及其对地中海饮食健康益处潜在影响的现有证据。
我们从以下方面总结/综合信息：（i）系统文献综述/荟萃分析以及最近发表的关于传统食品和有机食品成分差异的文章；（ii）比较农业集约化前后食物成分数据的案头研究；（iii）近期的零售和农场调查及/或析因田间试验，这些研究确定了导致食物成分产生营养相关变化的具体农艺措施；（iv）近期的系统文献综述以及少数随后发表的观察性和饮食干预研究，这些研究调查了农业集约化导致的食物成分变化对健康的潜在影响。
越来越多的证据表明，食品生产的集约化导致（i）许多被认为有助于地中海饮食健康益处的食物（包括全谷物谷物、水果和蔬菜、橄榄油、乳制品以及小反刍动物肉和鱼类）中营养有益化合物（如酚类、某些维生素、包括硒、锌在内的矿物质微量营养素以及ω-3脂肪酸、α-生育酚）的浓度降低，和/或（ii）营养不良或有毒化合物（农药残留、镉、ω-6脂肪酸）的浓度升高。食用集约化传统生产系统生产的食品对健康产生负面影响的证据也有所增加，但仍然有限，且主要基于观察性研究的证据。讨论了当前证据基础中的局限性和差距。现在有大量证据表明，农业食品生产的集约化导致许多公认有助于坚持传统地中海饮食对健康产生积极影响的食物的营养质量下降。需要进一步研究来量化这种下降在多大程度上增强了坚持传统地中海饮食对健康的积极影响。
