Department of Epidemiology (I.I.M., D.A.J., M.E.V.D., V.V., T.T.L.), Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
Department of Biostatistics (R.J.M., R.P.), Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
Soc Sci Med. 2022 Oct;310:115269. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115269. Epub 2022 Aug 14.
Much of the research linking racism-related stressors to poor health has focused on fairly non-violent forms of racism that directly impact individuals under study. Exposure to particularly extreme and/or violent racist events are increasingly visible via smartphone recordings and social media, with consistent anecdotal reports of the effects of seeing and hearing about these events on sleep among minorities who racially identify with the victims.
This study examines whether exposure to direct and vicarious racism-related events (RREs), including more extreme events, are associated with sleep quality. Additionally, we examine effects of less and more violent direct RREs and vicarious RREs witnessed in person and via social media.
Among 422 African-American women, we assessed exposure to RREs using a modified version of the Race-Related Events Scale and assessed sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Linear regression analyses were used to model continuous global sleep.
Direct (β = 0.24 [95% CI: 0.13, 0.35]) RREs were associated with worse continuous global sleep quality scores in analyses adjusted for sociodemographics and risk factors for poor sleep. More violent direct RREs (β = 0.59 [95% CI: 0.30, 0.89]) had stronger associations with poor sleep quality than less violent direct RREs (β = 0.25 [95% CI: 0.11, 0.40]). Vicarious RREs overall (β = 0.04 [95% CI: 0.14, 0.21]) and those witnessed via social media (β = -0.07 [95% CI: 0.29, 0.14]) were not associated with global sleep quality; conversely, vicarious RREs witnessed in person were (β = 0.52 [95% CI: 0.21, 0.83]).
Extreme, direct experiences of racism, particularly those that are violent in nature, are associated with poor sleep quality. However, extreme vicarious experiences are not-- unless witnessed in person.
将与种族主义相关的压力源与健康状况不佳联系起来的研究大多集中在对研究对象有直接影响的、相对非暴力形式的种族主义上。通过智能手机录制和社交媒体，人们越来越多地看到和听到这些事件，这些事件中受害者与少数民族有相同的种族身份，这导致越来越多的人报告说，目睹和听到这些事件会影响他们的睡眠。
本研究旨在探讨直接和间接与种族主义相关的事件（RRE），包括更极端的事件，是否与睡眠质量有关。此外，我们还研究了在个人和社交媒体上目睹和听到的较少和较多暴力的直接 RRE 和间接 RRE 的影响。
在 422 名非裔美国女性中，我们使用改良的种族相关事件量表评估 RRE 暴露情况，并使用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI）评估睡眠质量。线性回归分析用于对连续的全球睡眠进行建模。
在调整了社会人口统计学因素和睡眠质量差的风险因素后，直接 RRE（β=0.24 [95% CI：0.13，0.35]）与连续全球睡眠质量评分较差相关。更暴力的直接 RRE（β=0.59 [95% CI：0.30，0.89]）与较差的睡眠质量的关联强于不太暴力的直接 RRE（β=0.25 [95% CI：0.11，0.40]）。总的来说，间接 RRE（β=0.04 [95% CI：0.14，0.21]）和通过社交媒体见证的间接 RRE（β=-0.07 [95% CI：0.29，0.14]）与全球睡眠质量无关；相反，在个人中见证的间接 RRE 与全球睡眠质量有关（β=0.52 [95% CI：0.21，0.83]）。
极端的、直接的种族主义经历，特别是那些性质暴力的经历，与睡眠质量差有关。然而，极端的间接经历并非如此，除非是在个人见证。
