Zarubin Vanessa C, Phillips Timothy K, Robertson Eileen, Bolton Swafford Paige G, Bunge Taylor, Aguillard David, Martsberger Carolyn, Mickley Steinmetz Katherine R
University of California at Davis, Center for Neuroscience, Sacramento, CA USA.
Department of Psychology, Wofford College, Spartanburg, SC USA.
Affect Sci. 2020 Aug 18;1(3):172-185. doi: 10.1007/s42761-020-00012-y. eCollection 2020 Sep.
Enhanced emotional memory (EEM) describes memory benefits for emotional items, traditionally attributed to impacts of arousal at encoding; however, attention, semantic relatedness, and distinctiveness likely also contribute in various ways. The current study manipulated arousal, semantic relatedness, and distinctiveness while recording changes in event-related potentials and heart rate during memory encoding. Trials were classified as remembered or forgotten by immediate recall performance. Negative images were remembered significantly better than neutral, and related neutral images were remembered significantly better than unrelated neutral images. Higher P300 and late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes were associated with memory for negative images as compared with related neutral images, suggesting that negative images received additional attentional processing at encoding, and that this cannot be accounted for only by the inherent relatedness of negative stimuli. No encoding benefits were found for related neutral images though they were better remembered than unrelated neutral images, indicating retrieval dynamics impacted memory. When image types were intermixed, greater heart rate changes occurred, and negative and unrelated neutral images received increased elaborative processing as compared with related neutral images, perhaps due to the prioritization of encoding resources. These results suggest encoding and retrieval processes contribute to EEM, with emotional items benefiting additively.
增强情绪记忆（EEM）描述了情绪性项目的记忆优势，传统上认为这归因于编码时唤醒的影响；然而，注意力、语义相关性和独特性可能也以各种方式发挥作用。本研究在记忆编码过程中记录事件相关电位和心率变化的同时，对唤醒、语义相关性和独特性进行了操纵。通过即时回忆表现将试验分类为记住或遗忘。负面图像的记忆明显优于中性图像，相关中性图像的记忆明显优于不相关中性图像。与相关中性图像相比，负面图像的P300和晚期正电位（LPP）振幅更高，这与负面图像的记忆有关，表明负面图像在编码时接受了额外的注意力加工，而这不能仅由负面刺激的内在相关性来解释。尽管相关中性图像比不相关中性图像记忆得更好，但未发现其在编码时有优势，这表明检索动态影响记忆。当图像类型混合时，心率变化更大，与相关中性图像相比，负面和不相关中性图像接受了更多的精细加工，这可能是由于编码资源的优先分配。这些结果表明，编码和检索过程对EEM有贡献，情绪性项目有累加性益处。
