Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
Front Immunol. 2022 Aug 15;13:952229. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.952229. eCollection 2022.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative infectious agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, has led to multiple (4-6) waves of infections worldwide during the past two years. The development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 has led to successful mass immunizations worldwide, mitigating the worldwide mortality due the pandemic to a great extent. Yet the evolution of new variants highlights a need to develop a universal vaccine which can prevent infections from all virulent SARS-CoV-2. Most of the current first generation COVID-19 vaccines are based on the Spike protein from the original Wuhan-hu-1 virus strain. It is encouraging that they still protect from serious illnesses, hospitalizations and mortality against a number of mutated viral strains, to varying degrees. Understanding the mechanisms by which these vaccines provide heterologous protection against multiple highly mutated variants can reveal strategies to develop a universal vaccine. In addition, many unexposed individuals have been found to harbor T cells that are cross-reactive against SARS-CoV-2 antigens, with a possible protective role. In this review, we will discuss various aspects of natural or vaccine-induced heterologous (cross-reactive) adaptive immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses, and their role in achieving the concept of a pan-coronavirus vaccine.
严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2 型（SARS-CoV-2）是导致 COVID-19 大流行的病原体，在过去两年中，已在全球引发了多波（4-6）波感染。针对 SARS-CoV-2 的疫苗的开发已在全球范围内实现了成功的大规模免疫接种，在很大程度上减轻了大流行造成的全球死亡率。然而，新变体的出现凸显出需要开发一种通用疫苗，以预防所有强毒 SARS-CoV-2 的感染。目前大多数第一代 COVID-19 疫苗都是基于原始武汉株的刺突蛋白。令人鼓舞的是，它们仍然可以在不同程度上预防多种突变病毒株引起的严重疾病、住院和死亡。了解这些疫苗如何针对多种高度突变的变体提供异源保护的机制，可以揭示开发通用疫苗的策略。此外，许多未暴露的个体被发现拥有针对 SARS-CoV-2 抗原的交叉反应性 T 细胞，可能具有保护作用。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论针对 SARS-CoV-2 和其他冠状病毒的天然或疫苗诱导的异源（交叉反应性）适应性免疫的各个方面，以及它们在实现泛冠状病毒疫苗概念方面的作用。
