Comparative genomics of dairy-associated from selected sub-Saharan African regions reveals milk as reservoir for human-and animal-derived strains and identifies a putative animal-related clade with presumptive novel siderophore.

infection is considered to be a neglected tropical disease with huge impact on human and animal health alike. Dairy production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) relies heavily on various animals such as cows, goats, and camels, depending on the region. causes mastitis and exhibits high prevalence in raw milk. The population structure including genotypic and phenotypic traits of dairy in relation to animal and human isolates is, however, unknown for SSA. In this work, 20 dairy isolates from East and West Africa were selected for comparative genomics and phenotypic analysis. Comparing their population structure revealed a large diversity of different origins suggesting milk to be a reservoir for human and animal strains alike. Furthermore, a novel putative siderophore was detected in multiple strains in a distinct animal-clade with strains of global origin. This putative siderophore shares a high genetic identity with that from suggesting possible horizontal gene transfer. These findings combined with the virulence genes harbored by these dairy-derived strains such as , human evasion factor , various enterotoxin, leucocidin and antibiotic resistance genes, stresses the need for an integrative One Health approach to tackle the problem of infections in animals and humans in sub-Saharan Africa.