Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco.
Center for Science and Society, Columbia University.
Emotion. 2023 Jun;23(4):937-948. doi: 10.1037/emo0001137. Epub 2022 Sep 1.
Experimental manipulations of nostalgia that privilege positive aspects of the bittersweet emotion have led to the conclusion that nostalgia is a predominantly positive emotion, yet nostalgia covaries negatively with well-being in daily life. To reconcile this discrepancy, we developed and tested the bittersweet variation model of nostalgia that posits that (a) nostalgic feelings vary not only in intensity but also in valence (i.e., how bitter or sweet a nostalgic feeling is); (b) daily events influence the valence of nostalgic feelings; and (c) nostalgia's valence influences well-being. Across two daily diary studies ( = 151; 1,356 daily reports), we found that the valence of nostalgic feelings varied considerably within-persons. Daily positive events predicted more positively rated nostalgic feelings, whereas daily negative events predicted more negatively rated nostalgic feelings. Controlling for the effects of daily events on well-being, positive nostalgic feelings predicted greater well-being, whereas negative nostalgic feelings predicted lower well-being. To provide more robust causal evidence of the effect of nostalgia valence on well-being, we conducted two experiments (N = 445) in which we manipulated nostalgia valence by asking participants to write about positive nostalgic feelings (involving people they remain close to) or negative nostalgia feelings (involving people they no longer remain close to), mimicking typical nostalgic feelings in daily life. Positive nostalgic feelings improved well-being compared with negative nostalgic feelings. Thus, nostalgia is not inherently positive or negative. Rather, the effect of nostalgia on well-being depends on its valence, which is influenced by the eliciting event. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
实验性地操控怀旧，强调这种苦乐参半情绪的积极方面，得出了怀旧主要是一种积极情绪的结论，但怀旧与日常生活中的幸福感呈负相关。为了解决这一矛盾，我们提出并检验了怀旧的苦乐参半变化模型，该模型认为：（a）怀旧的感觉不仅在强度上有所不同，而且在情绪上（即怀旧的感觉是苦还是甜）也有所不同；（b）日常事件会影响怀旧的感觉；（c）怀旧的情绪会影响幸福感。在两项日常日记研究（= 151；1356 份日常报告）中，我们发现，个体内部怀旧的情绪差异很大。积极的日常事件预测出更积极评价的怀旧感觉，而消极的日常事件则预测出更消极评价的怀旧感觉。在控制日常事件对幸福感的影响后，积极的怀旧情绪预测出更高的幸福感，而消极的怀旧情绪预测出更低的幸福感。为了提供更有力的证据证明怀旧情绪对幸福感的影响，我们进行了两项实验（N=445），通过要求参与者撰写关于积极怀旧情绪（涉及他们保持亲近的人）或消极怀旧情绪（涉及他们不再保持亲近的人）的文章来操纵怀旧情绪，模仿日常生活中的典型怀旧情绪。与消极怀旧情绪相比，积极怀旧情绪提高了幸福感。因此，怀旧情绪本身并不具有积极或消极的性质。相反，怀旧情绪对幸福感的影响取决于其情绪，而情绪则受到诱发事件的影响。（PsycInfo 数据库记录（c）2023 APA，保留所有权利）。
