Laboratory of Emerging Viral Zoonoses, Research and Innovation Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020, Legnaro, Italy.
Wildlife Research Unit, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Università, 100, 80055, Portici, Napoli, Italy.
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2023 Feb;98(1):19-33. doi: 10.1111/brv.12893. Epub 2022 Aug 21.
Understanding how species respond to climate change is key to informing vulnerability assessments and designing effective conservation strategies, yet research efforts on wildlife responses to climate change fail to deliver a representative overview due to inherent biases. Bats are a species-rich, globally distributed group of organisms that are thought to be particularly sensitive to the effects of climate change because of their high surface-to-volume ratios and low reproductive rates. We systematically reviewed the literature on bat responses to climate change to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge, identify research gaps and biases and highlight future research needs. We found that studies are geographically biased towards Europe, North America and Australia, and temperate and Mediterranean biomes, thus missing a substantial proportion of bat diversity and thermal responses. Less than half of the published studies provide concrete evidence for bat responses to climate change. For over a third of studied bat species, response evidence is only based on predictive species distribution models. Consequently, the most frequently reported responses involve range shifts (57% of species) and changes in patterns of species diversity (26%). Bats showed a variety of responses, including both positive (e.g. range expansion and population increase) and negative responses (range contraction and population decrease), although responses to extreme events were always negative or neutral. Spatial responses varied in their outcome and across families, with almost all taxonomic groups featuring both range expansions and contractions, while demographic responses were strongly biased towards negative outcomes, particularly among Pteropodidae and Molossidae. The commonly used correlative modelling approaches can be applied to many species, but do not provide mechanistic insight into behavioural, physiological, phenological or genetic responses. There was a paucity of experimental studies (26%), and only a small proportion of the 396 bat species covered in the examined studies were studied using long-term and/or experimental approaches (11%), even though they are more informative about the effects of climate change. We emphasise the need for more empirical studies to unravel the multifaceted nature of bats' responses to climate change and the need for standardised study designs that will enable synthesis and meta-analysis of the literature. Finally, we stress the importance of overcoming geographic and taxonomic disparities through strengthening research capacity in the Global South to provide a more comprehensive view of terrestrial biodiversity responses to climate change.
了解物种如何应对气候变化对于脆弱性评估和制定有效的保护策略至关重要，但由于存在固有偏见，野生动物对气候变化的反应研究未能提供具有代表性的概述。蝙蝠是一类物种丰富、分布广泛的生物，由于其表面积与体积比高、繁殖率低，被认为对气候变化的影响特别敏感。我们系统地回顾了有关蝙蝠对气候变化反应的文献，以提供当前知识状况的概述，确定研究差距和偏见，并强调未来的研究需求。我们发现，研究在地理上偏向于欧洲、北美和澳大利亚以及温带和地中海生物群落，因此错过了相当一部分蝙蝠多样性和热反应。发表的研究中不到一半为蝙蝠对气候变化的反应提供了具体证据。对于三分之一以上研究的蝙蝠物种，反应证据仅基于预测物种分布模型。因此，报告最多的反应涉及范围转移（57%的物种）和物种多样性模式的变化（26%）。蝙蝠表现出多种反应，包括积极的（例如，范围扩大和种群增加）和消极的反应（范围收缩和种群减少），尽管对极端事件的反应始终是消极或中性的。空间反应的结果和跨科之间存在差异，几乎所有分类群都既有范围扩大又有范围缩小，而人口反应强烈偏向于消极结果，特别是在翼手目和蝙蝠科中。常用的相关建模方法可应用于许多物种，但不能提供对行为、生理、物候或遗传反应的机制见解。实验研究很少（26%），在所检查的研究中涵盖的 396 种蝙蝠中，只有一小部分（11%）使用长期和/或实验方法进行研究，尽管它们更能说明气候变化的影响。我们强调需要进行更多的实证研究，以揭示蝙蝠对气候变化反应的多方面性质，需要标准化的研究设计，以便对文献进行综合和荟萃分析。最后，我们强调需要通过加强南方国家的研究能力来克服地理和分类学上的差异，以便更全面地了解陆地生物多样性对气候变化的反应。
