Katsika Argyro, Tsai Karen
University of California Santa Barbara, Department of Linguistics, South Hall 3513, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
Haskins Laboratories, 300 George Street, Suite # 900, CT 06511, USA.
J Phon. 2021 Sep;88. doi: 10.1016/j.wocn.2021.101085. Epub 2021 Sep 21.
It is well reported that articulatory movements comprising prominence units are longer, larger and faster than their non-prominent counterparts. However, it is unclear whether these effects arise at the level of lexical stress or accent or both, reflecting a hierarchy of prominence, i.e., being stronger when induced by accent as opposed to stress. It is also uncertain whether prominence-induced kinematic effects are invariant across positions of stress within the word, types of focus the accent denotes, and positions of words in the phrase. We conduct an electromagnetic articulography (EMA) study to assess the supralaryngeal kinematic correlates of prominence in Greek across three stress positions (antepenultimate, penultimate, ultimate; i.e., all possible stress positions in Greek), two accentual conditions (accented and de-accented) and two phrasal positions (phrase-medial and phrase-final). Focus type is also considered, with the accentual conditions coming from two types of focus (broad and narrow), while the de-accented conditions are by default unfocused. Our results indicate that stressed syllables involve longer, larger and faster gestures than their unstressed counterparts, regardless of the position of stress within the word. Notably, variation in velocity is accounted for by variation in displacement. Presence of accent does not further expand the stressed gestures, although it is related to minimal kinematic changes across the whole word, the exact profile of which depends on stress position. With the exception of final vowel duration, focus type is not systematically encoded in these kinematic effects. Finally, interactions are detected between the kinematic profile of prominence and that of boundaries. Implications of our findings for the hierarchy of prominence and cross-linguistic differences are discussed, and a gestural account of prominence and boundaries is put forward.
有充分报道称，包含突出单元的发音动作比非突出单元的发音动作更长、幅度更大且速度更快。然而，尚不清楚这些效应是出现在词汇重音层面还是语调层面，抑或是两者皆有，这反映了一种突出层次结构，即由语调引发时比由重音引发时更强。同样不确定的是，突出引发的运动学效应在单词内重音位置、语调所表示的焦点类型以及短语中单词的位置上是否不变。我们进行了一项电磁关节造影（EMA）研究，以评估希腊语中突出在三个重音位置（倒数第三个音节、倒数第二个音节、最后一个音节；即希腊语中所有可能的重音位置）、两种语调条件（有语调与无语调）和两个短语位置（短语中间和短语末尾）下的喉上运动学相关性。还考虑了焦点类型，其中语调条件来自两种焦点类型（宽泛焦点和狭窄焦点），而无语调条件默认无焦点。我们的结果表明，重读音节比非重读音节涉及更长、幅度更大且速度更快的手势，无论单词内重音的位置如何。值得注意的是，速度变化是由位移变化引起的。语调的存在并没有进一步扩大重读手势，尽管它与整个单词的最小运动学变化有关，其确切特征取决于重音位置。除了最后一个元音的时长外，焦点类型在这些运动学效应中没有系统地编码。最后，在突出的运动学特征与边界的运动学特征之间检测到了相互作用。我们讨论了研究结果对突出层次结构和跨语言差异的影响，并提出了一种关于突出和边界的手势解释。
