Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA.
J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2022 Nov;106(6):1431-1443. doi: 10.1111/jpn.13770. Epub 2022 Sep 6.
Plant protein (PP) utilization in fish is limited due to lower digestibility compared to fishmeal (FM) and the presence of antinutritional factors. Its utilization can be improved by nutritional programming (NP), a method wherein a fish is provided a nutritional stimulus early in life which can alter their physiology. NP has been shown to be effective but methods of applying NP are varied and have been applied at different stages of development with different outcomes. To find the optimal timeframe to perform NP in fish early stages Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides, Lacepède) were nutritionally programmed at three different ages in early development. In this study bass were programmed with: (1) live food enriched with soybean meal (SBM) from 6 to 15 days post-hatch (dph) (NPL), (2) SBM-based formulated diet from 16 to 25 dph (NPD1) and (3) formulated SBM-diet from 26 to 35 dph (NPD2). After programming, each group was fed FM-diet before being refed SBM-diet from 100 to 172 dph. A positive control (PC) was fed FM-diet throughout. Final average body weight of PC was significantly higher than NPD1 and NPD2 but did not significantly differ from NPL. Overall NPL showed much improved growth and utilization of PP compared to NPD1 and was similar to growth achieved by PC. This study showed an optimum window of time exists wherein NP of Largemouth bass yields the best impact on growth in the larval stage and later in life when fed SBM-diet. Programming should be performed right after mouth opening using enriched live food and can result in growth similar to non-programmed fish fed FM-based diet. Programming effects similar to that of the live food approach can be achieved with formulated diet, however it is crucial that Largemouth bass are of a proper age and sufficiently developed when programmed with dry food or severe impacts on growth can occur.
与鱼粉（FM）相比，植物蛋白（PP）的消化率较低，并且存在抗营养因子，因此鱼类对其的利用率有限。通过营养编程（NP）可以提高其利用率，这种方法是在鱼类生命早期提供营养刺激，从而改变其生理机能。NP 已被证明是有效的，但 NP 的应用方法多种多样，并且在不同的发育阶段以不同的结果应用。为了找到在鱼类早期阶段进行 NP 的最佳时间框架，本研究在早期发育的三个不同时期对大口黑鲈（Micropterus salmoides，Lacepède）进行了营养编程。在这项研究中，鲈鱼通过以下三种方式进行编程：（1）从孵化后 6 至 15 天（dph）用富含大豆粉（SBM）的活饵进行编程（NPL），（2）从 16 至 25 dph 用基于 SBM 的配方饮食进行编程（NPD1），（3）从 26 至 35 dph 用基于 SBM 的配方饮食进行编程（NPD2）。编程后，每组在重新喂食 100 至 172 dph 的 SBM 饮食之前先喂食 FM 饮食。阳性对照（PC）一直喂食 FM 饮食。PC 的最终平均体重显著高于 NPD1 和 NPD2，但与 NPL 没有显著差异。总体而言，NPL 与 NPD1 相比，表现出对 PP 的生长和利用率有很大的提高，与 PC 达到的生长相似。本研究表明，存在一个最佳的时间窗口，在这个窗口内，对大口黑鲈进行 NP 可以在幼虫阶段和以后生命中喂食 SBM 饮食时对生长产生最佳影响。编程应在开口后立即使用富含活饵的方法进行，并且可以产生与喂食基于 FM 的饮食的非编程鱼相似的生长效果。可以使用配方饮食实现与活饵方法相似的编程效果，但是当用干饲料对鲈鱼进行编程时，必须确保其处于适当的年龄和发育阶段，否则会对生长产生严重影响。
