Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, United States of America.
Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, Illinois, United States of America.
PLoS One. 2020 Jun 4;15(6):e0228758. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228758. eCollection 2020.
Nutritional Programming (NP) has been studied as a means of mitigating the negative effects of dietary plant protein (PP), but the optimal timing and mechanism behind NP are still unknown. The objectives of this study were: 1) To determine whether zebrafish (Danio rerio) can be programmed to soybean meal (SBM) through early feeding and broodstock exposure to improve SBM utilization; 2) To determine if NP in zebrafish affects expression of genes associated with intestinal nutrient uptake; 3) To determine if early stage NP and/or broodstock affects gene expression associated with intestinal inflammation or any morphological changes in the intestinal tract that might improve dietary SBM utilization. Two broodstocks were used to form the six experimental groups. One broodstock group received fishmeal (FM) diet (FMBS), while the other was fed ("programmed with") SBM diet (PPBS). The first ((+) Control) and the second group ((-) Control) received FM and SBM diet for the entire study, respectively, and were progeny of FMBS. The last four groups consisted of a non-programmed (FMBS-X-PP and PPBS-X-PP) and a programmed group (FMBS-NP-PP and PPBS-NP-PP) from each of the broodstocks. The programming occurred through feeding with SBM diet during 13-23 dph. The non-control groups underwent a PP-Challenge, receiving SBM diet during 36-60 dph. During the PP-Challenge, both PPBS groups experienced significantly lower weight gains than the (+) Control group. NP in early life stages significantly increased the expression of PepT1 in PPBS-NP-PP, compared to PPBS-X-PP. NP also tended to increase the expression of fabp2 in the programmed vs. non-programmed groups of both broodstocks. The highest distal villus length-to-width ratio was observed in the dual-programmed group, suggesting an increase in surface area for nutrient absorption within the intestine. The results of this study suggest that NP during early life stages may increase intestinal absorption of nutrients from PP-based feeds.
营养编程（NP）已被研究作为减轻植物蛋白（PP）饮食负面影响的一种方法，但 NP 的最佳时机和机制仍不清楚。本研究的目的是：1）确定通过早期喂养和亲鱼暴露于豆粕（SBM）是否可以对斑马鱼（Danio rerio）进行编程以提高 SBM 的利用率；2）确定 NP 是否影响与肠道营养吸收相关的基因表达；3）确定早期 NP 和/或亲鱼是否影响与肠道炎症相关的基因表达或任何可能改善 SBM 利用的肠道形态变化。使用两个亲鱼群体形成六个实验组。一个亲鱼群体接受鱼粉（FM）饮食（FMBS），而另一个则喂食（“编程”）豆粕饮食（PPBS）。第一组（+对照）和第二组（-对照）分别在整个研究期间接受 FM 和 SBM 饮食，并且是 FMBS 的后代。最后四组由来自每个亲鱼群体的非编程（FMBS-X-PP 和 PPBS-X-PP）和编程组（FMBS-NP-PP 和 PPBS-NP-PP）组成。编程是通过在 13-23 日龄期间用 SBM 饮食喂养进行的。非对照组在 36-60 日龄期间经历了 PP 挑战，接受 SBM 饮食。在 PP 挑战期间，PPBS 组的体重增加均显著低于+对照。早期生命阶段的 NP 显著增加了 PPBS-NP-PP 中 PepT1 的表达，与 PPBS-X-PP 相比。NP 还倾向于增加两个亲鱼群体的编程与非编程组中 fabp2 的表达。在双编程组中观察到最远的绒毛长度与宽度比最高，这表明肠道内的营养吸收表面积增加。本研究的结果表明，早期生命阶段的 NP 可能会增加来自基于 PP 的饲料的肠道营养吸收。
