Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Ege University, İzmir 35100, Turkey.
Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2022 Oct;179:79-94. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.08.017. Epub 2022 Sep 5.
Opioids are generally used as analgesics in pain treatment. Like many drugs, they have side effects when overdosed and can causeaddiction problems.Illegal drug use and misuse are becoming a major concern for authorities worldwide; thus, it is critical to have precise procedures for detecting them in confiscated samples, biological fluids, and wastewaters. Routine blood and urine tests are insufficient for highly selective determinations and can cause cross-reactivities. For this purpose, nanomaterial-based biosensors are great tools to determine opioid intakes, continuously monitoring the drugs with high sensitivity and selectivity even at very low sample volumes.Nanobiosensors generally comprise a signal transducer nanostructure in which a biological recognition molecule is immobilized onto its surface. Lately, nanobiosensors have been extensively utilized for the molecular detection of opioids. The usage of novel nanomaterials in biosensing has impressed researchers who work on developing biosensors. Nanomaterials with a large surface area have been used to develop nanobiosensors with shorter reaction times and higher sensitivity than conventional biosensors. Colorimetric and fluorescence sensing methods are two kinds of optical sensor systems based on nanomaterials. Noble metal nanoparticles (NPs), such as silver and gold, are the most frequently applied nanomaterials in colorimetric techniques, owing to their unique optical feature of surface plasmon resonance. Despite the progress of an extensive spectrum of nanobiosensors over the last two decades, the future purpose of low-cost, high-throughput, multiplexed clinical diagnostic Lab-on-a-Chip instruments has yet to be fulfilled. In this review, a concise overview of opioids (such as tramadol and buprenorphine, oxycodone and fentanyl, methadone and morphine) is provided as well as information on their classification, mechanism of action, routine tests, and new opioid sensing technologies based on various NPs. In order to highlight the trend of nanostructure development in biosensor applications for opioids, recent literature examples with the nanomaterial type, target molecules, and their limits of detection are discussed.
阿片类药物通常在疼痛治疗中用作镇痛药。与许多药物一样，它们在过量使用时会产生副作用，并可能导致成瘾问题。非法药物的使用和滥用正成为全球当局的主要关注点；因此，在没收的样本、生物体液和废水中准确检测它们至关重要。常规的血液和尿液检测不足以进行高度选择性的测定，并且可能会引起交叉反应。为此，基于纳米材料的生物传感器是确定阿片类药物摄入量的绝佳工具，可以连续监测药物，即使在非常低的样品量下也具有高灵敏度和选择性。纳米生物传感器通常包括一个信号转换器纳米结构，其中将生物识别分子固定在其表面上。最近，纳米生物传感器已被广泛用于阿片类药物的分子检测。新型纳米材料在生物传感中的应用给从事开发生物传感器的研究人员留下了深刻的印象。具有大表面积的纳米材料已被用于开发比传统生物传感器具有更短反应时间和更高灵敏度的纳米生物传感器。比色和荧光传感方法是基于纳米材料的两种光学传感器系统。贵金属纳米粒子（NPs），如银和金，由于其表面等离子体共振的独特光学特性，是比色技术中最常用的纳米材料。尽管在过去二十年中已经广泛开发了各种纳米生物传感器，但未来的目标是实现低成本、高通量、多路复用的临床诊断芯片实验室仪器。在这篇综述中，简要概述了阿片类药物（如曲马多和丁丙诺啡、羟考酮和芬太尼、美沙酮和吗啡），以及它们的分类、作用机制、常规检测以及基于各种 NPs 的新型阿片类药物传感技术的信息。为了突出纳米结构在阿片类药物生物传感器应用中的发展趋势，讨论了具有纳米材料类型、靶分子及其检测限的最新文献实例。
