Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2022 Sep;15(9):1081-1094. doi: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2114898. Epub 2022 Sep 6.
In the past decades, the opioid crisis has heavily impacted parts of the US society and has been followed by an increase in the use of opioids worldwide. It is of paramount importance that we explore the origins of the US opioid epidemic to develop best practices to tackle the rising tide of opioid overdoses.
In this expert review, we discuss opioid (over)prescription, change in perception of pain, and false advertisement of opioid safety as the leading causes of the US opioid epidemic. Then, we review the evidence about opioid dependence and addiction potential and provide current knowledge about predictors of aberrant opioid-related behavior. Lastly, we discuss different approaches that were considered or undertaken to combat the rising tide of opioid-related deaths by regulatory bodies, pharmaceutical companies, and health-care professionals. For this expert review, we considered published articles relevant to the topic under investigation that we retrieved from Medline or Google scholar electronic database.
The opioid epidemic is a dynamic process with many underlying mechanisms. Therefore, no single approach may be best suited to combat it. In our opinion, the best way forward is to employ multiple strategies to tackle different underlying mechanisms.
在过去的几十年里，阿片类药物危机严重影响了美国社会的部分地区，随后全球范围内阿片类药物的使用也有所增加。探索美国阿片类药物流行的起源对于制定最佳实践以应对阿片类药物过量上升的趋势至关重要。
在本次专家评论中，我们讨论了阿片类药物（过度）处方、对疼痛认知的改变以及阿片类药物安全性的虚假广告是美国阿片类药物流行的主要原因。然后，我们回顾了关于阿片类药物依赖和成瘾潜力的证据，并提供了关于异常阿片类药物相关行为预测因素的最新知识。最后，我们讨论了监管机构、制药公司和医疗保健专业人员为应对阿片类药物相关死亡人数上升而考虑或采取的不同方法。对于本次专家评论，我们考虑了从 Medline 或 Google scholar 电子数据库中检索到的与研究主题相关的已发表文章。
阿片类药物流行是一个动态过程，有许多潜在机制。因此，没有一种方法可能是最适合对抗它的。在我们看来，前进的最佳方式是采用多种策略来解决不同的潜在机制。
