Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene 81100, Greece; Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Jan 1;854:158551. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158551. Epub 2022 Sep 6.
Organophosphosphorus pesticides (OPs) are widely used as insecticides in agriculture. Human exposure to OPs has been linked to adverse effects including poorer child neurodevelopment, reduced birth weight, altered serum hormone levels, and reduced semen quality. We measured six OP dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites [three dimethyl alkylphosphates (DMs) and three diethyl alkylphosphates (DEs)] in urine samples collected two times during pregnancy (~13 and ~26 weeks gestation) from 594 women participating in the CHAMACOS birth cohort study and resided in an agricultural community in the United States (U.S.) between 1999 and 2000. Previous studies have shown these women have higher OP exposures compared with the general U.S. population. We examined bivariate associations between prenatal DAP metabolite levels and exposure determinants such as age, season, years living in the US, housing characteristics, fruit and vegetable consumption, occupation and residential proximity to agricultural fields. Final multivariable models indicated that season of urine collection was significantly associated (p < 0.01) with specific gravity-adjusted DM, DE and total DAP metabolites; samples collected in fall and winter had higher concentrations than those collected in spring-summer. Specific gravity-adjusted levels of DM and total DAP metabolites were significantly higher in women who had resided in the U.S. for 5 years or less (p < 0.05). Levels of DM metabolites also increased with daily fruit and vegetable servings (p < 0.01), and levels of DE metabolites were higher in residences with poorer housekeeping quality (p < 0.01) and in mothers that worked in agriculture (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that there are multiple determinants of OP exposure in pregnant women.
有机磷农药 (OPs) 广泛用作农业杀虫剂。人类接触 OPs 与不良影响有关，包括儿童神经发育较差、出生体重降低、血清激素水平改变以及精液质量下降。我们测量了 594 名参与 CHAMACOS 出生队列研究的女性在怀孕期间两次采集的尿液样本中的六种 OP 二烷基磷酸酯 (DAP) 代谢物（三种二甲基烷基磷酸酯 (DM) 和三种二乙基烷基磷酸酯 (DE)），这些女性居住在美国（美国）的一个农业社区，时间在 1999 年至 2000 年之间。之前的研究表明，与一般美国人群相比，这些女性的 OP 暴露水平更高。我们研究了产前 DAP 代谢物水平与年龄、季节、在美国居住的年限、住房特征、水果和蔬菜消费、职业以及与农业用地的居住距离等暴露决定因素之间的双变量关联。最终的多变量模型表明，尿液采集季节与特定比重调整后的 DM、DE 和总 DAP 代谢物显著相关（p < 0.01）；秋季和冬季采集的样本浓度高于春季和夏季采集的样本。在美国居住 5 年或以下的女性的特定比重调整后的 DM 和总 DAP 代谢物水平显著较高（p < 0.05）。DM 代谢物的水平也随着每日水果和蔬菜的摄入量增加而升高（p < 0.01），而 DE 代谢物的水平在卫生条件较差的住所（p < 0.01）和从事农业工作的母亲的住所中较高（p < 0.05）。这些发现表明，孕妇的 OP 暴露有多种决定因素。
