CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, 3175 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C4, Canada; Dept. Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montreal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, 3175 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C4, Canada; Dept. Obstetrics and Gynecology, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada.
Environ Int. 2016 Sep;94:133-140. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.015. Epub 2016 May 28.
Organophosphate (OP) insecticides are commonly used in agriculture. Their use decreased in recent years as they were gradually replaced by other pesticides, but some OPs are still among the insecticides most used in Canada. Exposure to elevated levels of OPs during pregnancy has been associated with adverse birth outcomes and poorer neurodevelopment in children. The objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between the concentrations of OP pesticides urinary dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites and various factors that are potential sources of exposure or determinants of DAP levels. In the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study, six DAPs were measured in 1st trimester urine samples of 1884 pregnant women living in Canada. They were grouped into sums of dimethyl alkyl phosphates (DMAP) and diethyl alkyl phosphates (DEAP) for statistical analysis. We found that 93% of women had at least one DAP detected in their urine. Geometric means (GM) of specific gravity-corrected levels for urine dilution were 59 (95% CI 56-62) and 21 (95% CI 20-22) nmol/L for DMAP and DEAP, respectively. The following characteristics were significantly associated with higher urinary concentrations of DMAP or DEAP: higher education, nulliparous, normal pre-pregnancy body mass index, non-smoker, not fasting at sampling, winter season at sampling, and early and late day collection times. Dietary items that were significantly related with higher urinary concentrations included higher intake of citrus fruits, apple juice, sweet peppers, tomatoes, beans and dry peas, soy and rice beverages, whole grain bread, white wine and green and herbal teas. This study indicates that exposure to these compounds is quasi-ubiquitous. The factors associated with greater DAP levels identified here could be useful to regulatory agencies for risk analysis and management. However, some exposure misclassification might occur due to the single DAP measurement available, and to the presence of preformed DAPs in the environment.
有机磷 (OP) 杀虫剂在农业中广泛使用。近年来，由于它们逐渐被其他杀虫剂所取代，其使用量有所减少，但在加拿大，一些 OP 仍然是使用最广泛的杀虫剂之一。孕妇在怀孕期间接触高水平的有机磷会导致不良的出生结局和儿童神经发育较差。本研究的目的是研究 OP 杀虫剂尿中二烷基磷酸酯 (DAP) 代谢物浓度与可能的暴露源或 DAP 水平决定因素之间的关系。在母婴环境化学物质研究 (MIREC) 中，对生活在加拿大的 1884 名孕妇的孕早期尿液样本中测量了 6 种 DAP。为了进行统计分析，将它们分为二甲烷基磷酸酯 (DMAP) 和二乙基烷基磷酸酯 (DEAP) 总和。我们发现，93%的女性尿液中至少有一种 DAP 被检测到。尿液稀释后比重校正水平的几何均数 (GM) 分别为 59(95%CI 56-62)和 21(95%CI 20-22)nmol/L。以下特征与较高的 DMAP 或 DEAP 尿浓度显著相关：较高的教育水平、初产妇、正常的孕前体重指数、不吸烟、采样时不空腹、采样季节为冬季以及早、晚时间段采集尿液。与较高的尿浓度显著相关的饮食项目包括增加柑橘类水果、苹果汁、甜椒、西红柿、豆类和干豌豆、大豆和大米饮料、全麦面包、白葡萄酒以及绿茶和草药茶的摄入量。本研究表明，接触这些化合物几乎无处不在。这里确定的与较高 DAP 水平相关的因素可能对监管机构进行风险分析和管理有用。然而，由于只有单一的 DAP 测量值，以及环境中存在预先形成的 DAP，可能会发生一些暴露错误分类。
