Engineered extracellular vesicles: A novel platform for cancer combination therapy and cancer immunotherapy.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), phospholipid membrane-bound vesicles, produced by most cells, contribute to cell-cell communication. They transfer several proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids between cells both locally and systemically. Owing to the biocompatibility and immune activity of EVs, therapeutic approaches using these vesicles as drug delivery systems are being developed. Different methods are used to design more effective engineered EVs, which can serve as smart tools in cancer therapy and immunotherapy. Recent progress in the field of targeted-cancer therapy has led to the gradual use of engineered EVs in combinational therapy to combat heterogeneous tumor cells and multifaceted tumor microenvironments. The high plasticity, loading ability, and genetic manipulation capability of engineered EVs have made them the ideal platforms to realize numerous combinations of cancer therapy approaches. From the combination therapy view, engineered EVs can co-deliver chemotherapy with various therapeutic agents to target tumor cells effectively, further taking part in immunotherapy-related cancer combination therapy. However, a greater number of studies were done in pre-clinical platforms and the clinical translation of these studies needs further scrutiny because some challenges are associated with the application of engineered EVs. Given the many therapeutic potentials of engineered EVs, this review discusses their function in various cancer combination therapy and immunotherapy-related cancer combination therapy. In addition, this review describes the opportunities and challenges associated with the clinical application of engineered EVs.