Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Aug 27;19(17):10701. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191710701.
Antibiotic residues lead to the risk of resistance gene enrichment, which is the main reason why penicillin mycelial dreg (PMD) is defined as hazardous waste. Hydrothermal treatment (HT) is an effective method to treat penicillin mycelial dreg, but the degradation mechanism of penicillin is unclear. In the study, we researched the effects of pH (4-10) at 80-100 °C and metal ions (Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn) at several concentrations on the HT of penicillin, identified the degradation products (DPs) under different conditions, and evaluated the antibacterial activity of hydrothermally treated samples. The results show that penicillin degradation kinetics highly consistent with pseudo-first-order model (R = 0.9447-0.9999). The degradation rates () at pH = 4, 7, and 10 were 0.1603, 0.0039, and 0.0485 min, indicating acidic conditions were more conducive to penicillin degradation. Among the four tested metal ions, Zn had the most significant catalytic effect. Adding 5 mg·L Zn caused 100% degradation rate at pH = 7 after HT for 60 min. Six degradation products (DPs) with low mass-to-charge (/ ≤ 335) were detected under acidic condition. However, only two and three DPs were observed in the samples catalyzed by Zn and alkali, respectively, and penilloic acid (/ = 309) was the main DPs under these conditions. Furthermore, no antibacterial activity to was detected in the medium with up to 50% addition of the treated samples under acidic condition. Even though acid, alkali, and some metal ions can improve the degradation ability of penicillin, it was found that the most effective way for removing its anti-bacterial activity was under the acidic condition. Therefore, resistance residue indicates the amount of additive in the process of resource utilization, and avoids the enrichment of resistance genes.
抗生素残留导致耐药基因富集的风险，这是青霉素菌丝废渣（PMD）被定义为危险废物的主要原因。水热处理（HT）是处理青霉素菌丝废渣的有效方法，但青霉素的降解机制尚不清楚。在本研究中，我们研究了 80-100°C 时 pH 值（4-10）和几种浓度下的金属离子（Mn、Fe、Cu 和 Zn）对青霉素 HT 的影响，确定了不同条件下的降解产物（DPs），并评估了水热处理样品的抗菌活性。结果表明，青霉素降解动力学与准一级模型高度一致（R = 0.9447-0.9999）。在 pH = 4、7 和 10 时的降解速率（）分别为 0.1603、0.0039 和 0.0485 min-1，表明酸性条件更有利于青霉素降解。在四种测试的金属离子中，Zn 具有最显著的催化作用。在 HT 60 min 后，添加 5 mg·L-1 Zn 可使 pH = 7 时的降解率达到 100%。在酸性条件下，检测到 6 种质量电荷比（/ ≤ 335）低的降解产物（DPs）。然而，在 Zn 和碱催化的样品中，分别观察到 2 种和 3 种 DPs，并且在这些条件下，主要 DPs 是青霉素酸（/ = 309）。此外，在酸性条件下，添加高达 50%的处理样品的培养基中，对 没有检测到抗菌活性。尽管酸、碱和一些金属离子可以提高青霉素的降解能力，但发现去除其抗菌活性的最有效方法是在酸性条件下。因此，抗性残留表明了在资源利用过程中添加剂的含量，避免了抗性基因的富集。
