Composing Optimized Embedded Software Architectures for Physics-Based EKF-MPC Smart Sensor for Li-Ion Battery Cell Management.

Efficient battery technology is imperative for the adoption of clean energy automotive solutions. In addition, efficient battery technology extends the useful life of the battery as well as provides improved performance to fossil fuel technology. Model predictive control (MPC) is an effective way to operate battery management systems (BMS) at their maximum capability, while maintaining the safety requirements. Using the physics-based model (PBM) of the battery allows the control system to operate on the chemical and physical process of the battery. Since these processes are internal to the battery and are physically unobservable, the extended Kalman filter (EKF) serves as a virtual observer that can monitor the physical and chemical properties that are otherwise unobservable. These three methods (i.e., PBM, EKF, and MPC) together can prolong the useful life of the battery, especially for Li-ion batteries. This capability is not limited to the automotive industry: any real-world smart application can benefit from a portable/mobile efficient BMS, compelling these systems to be executed on resource-constrained embedded devices. Furthermore, the intrinsic adaptive control process of the PBM is uniquely suited for smart systems and smart technology. However, the sheer computational complexity of PBM for MPC and EKF prevents it from being realized on highly constrained embedded devices. In this research work, we introduce a novel, unique, and efficient embedded software architecture for a PB-EKF-MPC smart sensor for BMS, specifically on embedded devices, by addressing the computational complexity of PBM. Our proposed embedded software architecture is created in such a way to be executed on a 32-bit embedded microprocessor running at 100 MHz with a limited memory of 128 KB, and still obtains an average execution time of 4.8 ms.