Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
PLoS One. 2022 Sep 9;17(9):e0273768. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273768. eCollection 2022.
Nitrogen is an important plant nutrient that has a significant role in crop yield. Hence, to fulfill the needs of sustainable agriculture, it is necessary to improve biological nitrogen fixation in leguminous crops. Nod inducing gene families plays a crucial role in the interaction between rhizobia and legumes, leading to biological nitrogen fixation. However, nod inducing genes identification and characterization has not yet been performed in Arachis hypogaea. In this study, identification and genome-wide analysis of nod inducing genes are performed so that to explore their potential functions in the Arachis hypogaea for the first time. Nod genes were comprehensively analyzed by phylogenetic clustering analysis, gene structure determination, detection of conserved motifs, subcellular localization, conserved motifs, cis-acting elements and promoter region analysis. This study identified 42 Nod inducing genes in Arachis hypogaea, their sequences were submitted to NCBI and accession numbers were obtained. Potential involvement of these genes in biological nitrogen fixation has been unraveled, such as, phylogenetic analysis revealed that nod inducing genes evolved independently in Arachis hypogaea, the amino acid structures exhibited 20 highly conserved motifs, the proteins are present at different locations in cells and the gene structures revealed that all the genes are full-length genes with upstream intronic regions. Further, the promoter analysis determined a large number of cis-regulatory elements involved in nodulation. Moreover, this study not only provides identification and characterization of genes underlying developmental and functional stages of nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation but also lays the foundation for further revelation of nod inducing gene family. Besides, identification and structural analysis of these genes in Arachis hypogaea may provide a theoretical basis for the study of evolutionary relationships in future analysis.
氮是一种重要的植物养分，对作物产量有重要作用。因此，为了满足可持续农业的需求，有必要提高豆科作物的生物固氮能力。结瘤诱导基因家族在根瘤菌与豆科植物的相互作用中起着至关重要的作用，从而导致生物固氮。然而，在花生中，尚未对结瘤诱导基因进行鉴定和特征分析。在这项研究中，对结瘤诱导基因进行了鉴定和全基因组分析，以便首次探索它们在花生中的潜在功能。通过系统发育聚类分析、基因结构确定、保守基序检测、亚细胞定位、保守基序、顺式作用元件和启动子区分析，对结瘤基因进行了综合分析。本研究在花生中鉴定了 42 个结瘤诱导基因，将其序列提交给 NCBI 并获得了登录号。这些基因可能参与了生物固氮，例如，系统发育分析表明，结瘤诱导基因在花生中独立进化，氨基酸结构显示 20 个高度保守的基序，这些蛋白存在于细胞的不同位置，基因结构显示所有基因都是具有上游内含子区域的全长基因。此外，启动子分析确定了大量参与结瘤的顺式调控元件。此外，这项研究不仅为鉴定和分析结瘤和生物固氮的发育和功能阶段的基因提供了基础，也为进一步揭示结瘤诱导基因家族奠定了基础。此外，对花生中这些基因的鉴定和结构分析，可能为未来分析中进化关系的研究提供理论依据。
