Encapsulating gold nanoclusters into metal-organic frameworks to boost luminescence for sensitive detection of copper ions and organophosphorus pesticides.

Gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) with luminescence property are emerging as promising candidates in fluorescent methods for monitoring contaminants, but low luminescence efficiency hampers their extensive applications. Herein, GSH-Au NCs@ZIF-8 was designed by encapsulating GSH-Au NCs with AIE effect into metal-organic frameworks, achieving high luminescence efficiency and good stability through the confinement effect of ZIF-8. Accordingly, a fluorescent sensing platform was constructed for the sensitive detection of copper ions (Cu) and organophosphorus pesticides (OPs). Firstly, the as-prepared GSH-Au NCs@ZIF-8 could strongly accumulate Cu due to the adsorption property of MOFs, accompanied by a significant fluorescence quenching effect with a low detection limit of 0.016 μM for Cu. Besides, thiocholine (Tch), the hydrolysis product of acetylthiocholine (ATch) by acetylcholinesterase (AchE), could coordinate with Cu by sulfhydryl groups (-SH), leading to a significant fluorescence recovery, which was further used for the quantification of OPs owing to its inhibition to AChE activity. Furthermore, a hydrogel sensor was explored to accomplish equipment-free, visual, and quantitative monitoring of Cu and OPs by a smartphone sensing platform. Overall, this work provides an effective and universal strategy for enhancing the luminescence efficiency and stability of Au NCs, which would greatly promote their applications in contaminants monitoring.