美国-墨西哥边境低收入社区对瓶装水和自来水饮用风险的认知。
Risk perceptions of drinking bottled vs. tap water in a low-income community on the US-Mexico Border.
机构信息
Department of Community, Environment, & Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.
Department of Educational Policy Studies and Practice, College of Education, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.
出版信息
BMC Public Health. 2022 Sep 9;22(1):1712. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-14109-5.
BACKGROUND
Previous studies have shown that low-income Latinos generally drink bottled water over tap water and might be at increased risks for cavities from unfluoridated bottled water. In order to better design interventions, it is important to understand the risk perceptions of this unique high-risk yet historically marginalized group.
METHODS
We interviewed low-income Latino households (n = 90) from Nogales, Arizona who primarily drink bottled water and asked them to evaluate potential health risks of drinking tap water compared to 16 other voluntary activities. Unpaired t-tests were used to determine if statistically significant (α = 0.05) differences occurred in perceived risk by drinking-water source and differences among demographic groups in their level of (dis)agreement with statements regarding tap or bottled water safety. To assess significant differences (α = 0.05) in perceived risks and voluntariness to engage in a number of activities, including drinking local tap water and drinking water in different geographic regions, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Scheffe's post-hoc test (a conservative post-hoc test) with adjustment for the number of pairwise comparisons was used.
RESULTS
Participants viewed bottled water to be significantly safer to consume than tap water (p < 0.001). On a Likert scale from 1 (low risk) to 5 (high risk), "drinking tap water in Nogales, Arizona" received an average score of 4.7, which was significantly higher than the average perceived risk of drinking San Francisco, California tap water (µ = 3.4, p < 0.001), and as risky as drinking and driving (µ = 4.8, p = 1.00) and drinking Nogales, Sonora, Mexico tap water (µ = 4.8, p = 1.00). Ninety-eight percent of participants feared that drinking local tap water could result in illness, 79% did not drink their water because of fear of microbial and chemical contamination and 73% would drink their water if they knew it was safe regardless of taste.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that fear of illness from tap-water consumption is an important contributing factor to increased bottled water use. Future efforts should focus on the development of educational and outreach efforts to assess the safety and risks associated with tap-water consumption.
背景
先前的研究表明，低收入拉丁裔人群通常更倾向于选择瓶装水而非自来水，他们可能因饮用未加氟的瓶装水而增加患龋齿的风险。为了更好地设计干预措施，了解这一独特的高风险且历史上边缘化群体的风险认知非常重要。
方法
我们采访了来自亚利桑那州诺加利斯的 90 户低收入拉丁裔家庭，他们主要饮用瓶装水，并让他们评估饮用自来水与 16 项其他自愿活动相比可能存在的健康风险。采用独立样本 t 检验来确定饮用不同水源的人群对风险的感知是否存在统计学显著差异（α=0.05），并确定不同人群对自来水和瓶装水安全性相关陈述的（不）同意程度是否存在差异。为了评估在一系列活动（包括饮用当地自来水和饮用不同地区的水）的感知风险和自愿参与程度方面是否存在显著差异（α=0.05），我们采用了单因素方差分析（ANOVA），随后进行了 Scheffe 事后检验（一种保守的事后检验），并对配对比较的数量进行了调整。
结果
参与者认为瓶装水比自来水更安全（p<0.001）。在 1（低风险）到 5（高风险）的李克特量表上，“在亚利桑那州诺加利斯饮用自来水”的平均得分为 4.7，这明显高于饮用加利福尼亚州旧金山自来水的平均感知风险（µ=3.4，p<0.001），与驾车和饮酒（µ=4.8，p=1.00）的风险相当，与饮用墨西哥索诺拉州诺加利斯自来水的风险相当（µ=4.8，p=1.00）。98%的参与者担心饮用当地自来水会导致生病，79%的人因为担心微生物和化学污染而不饮用他们的水，73%的人如果知道水是安全的，无论味道如何，他们都会饮用。
结论
这些结果表明，对饮用自来水可能导致疾病的恐惧是增加瓶装水使用的一个重要因素。未来的努力应集中于开展教育和外展工作，以评估饮用自来水的安全性和相关风险。
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