桔梗（Jacq.）A. DC.：植物化学、药理学、毒理学和传统用途综述。
Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC.: A review of phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and traditional use.
机构信息
School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
出版信息
Phytomedicine. 2022 Nov;106:154422. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154422. Epub 2022 Aug 28.
BACKGROUND
The traditional Chinese medicine Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC. (PG, balloon flower) has medicinal and culinary value. It consists of a variety of chemical components including triterpenoid saponins, polysaccharides, flavonoids, polyphenols, polyethylene glycols, volatile oils and mineral components, which have medicinal and edible value.
PURPOSE
The ultimate goal of this review is to summarize the phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, safety and uses of PG in local and traditional medicine.
METHODS
A comprehensive search of published literature up to March 2022 was conducted using the PubMed, China Knowledge Network and Web of Science databases to identify original research related to PG, its active ingredients and pharmacological activities.
RESULTS
Triterpene saponins are the primary bioactive compounds of PG. To date, 76 triterpene saponin compounds have been isolated and identified from PG. In addition, there are other biological components, such as flavonoids, polyacetylene and phenolic acids. These extracts possess antitussive, immunostimulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antiobesity, antidepressant, and cardiovascular system activities. The mechanisms of expression of these pharmacological effects include inhibition of the expression of proteins such as MDM and p53, inhibition of the activation of enzymes, such as AKT, the secretion of inflammatory factors, such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 and IL-1β, and activation of the AMPK pathway.
CONCLUSION
This review summarizes the chemical composition, pharmacological activities, molecular mechanism, toxicity and uses of PG in local and traditional medicine over the last 12 years. PG contains a wide range of chemical components, among which triterpene saponins, especially platycoside D (PD), play a strong role in pharmacological activity, representing a natural phytomedicine with low toxicity that has applications in food, animal feed and cosmetics. Therefore, PG has value for exploitation and is an excellent choice for treating various diseases.
背景
传统中药桔梗（PG，气球花）具有药用和食用价值。它由多种化学成分组成，包括三萜皂苷、多糖、类黄酮、多酚、聚乙二醇、挥发油和矿物质成分，具有药用和食用价值。
目的
本综述的最终目标是总结 PG 在当地和传统医学中的植物化学、药理作用、安全性和用途。
方法
通过 PubMed、中国知网和 Web of Science 数据库，对截至 2022 年 3 月发表的文献进行全面检索，以确定与 PG、其活性成分和药理作用相关的原始研究。
结果
三萜皂苷是 PG 的主要生物活性化合物。迄今为止，已从 PG 中分离鉴定出 76 种三萜皂苷化合物。此外，还有其他生物成分，如类黄酮、聚乙炔和酚酸。这些提取物具有镇咳、免疫刺激、抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗肥胖、抗抑郁和心血管系统活性。这些药理作用的表达机制包括抑制 MDM 和 p53 蛋白的表达、抑制酶的激活，如 AKT、抑制炎症因子的分泌，如 IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-2 和 IL-1β，以及激活 AMPK 途径。
结论
本综述总结了过去 12 年来 PG 在当地和传统医学中的化学成分、药理作用、分子机制、毒性和用途。PG 含有广泛的化学成分，其中三萜皂苷，特别是远志皂苷 D（PD），在药理活性中发挥着强大的作用，代表了一种天然植物药，毒性低，可应用于食品、动物饲料和化妆品。因此，PG 具有开发价值，是治疗各种疾病的绝佳选择。
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