RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Agriculture and Food, PO Box 5401, 402 29 Göteborg, Sweden.
School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences and Center for Sustaining Seafood, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Jan 1;854:158591. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158591. Epub 2022 Sep 8.
Salmon is a nutritious and popular food among consumers predominantly in wealthy countries around the world. Since the mid-1990s farmed salmon production has exceeded wild salmon harvest, and is now 80 % of total global salmon supply. The environmental impacts of farmed salmon are frequently discussed and consumers are faced with a multitude of choices even after deciding to have salmon for dinner: species, production method, origin, product form. We present life cycle impacts of fresh and frozen salmon products, originating in purse seine fisheries for pink salmon and gill net fisheries for sockeye salmon in Alaska, when sold on markets in Europe and the United States. Norwegian salmon products are then modelled to the same markets in fresh and frozen form, based on literature data. Impact categories included were greenhouse gas emissions, marine eutrophication, marine ecotoxicity and land use. A fish in, fish out ratio is also calculated and differences in content of nutrients and contaminants described. Frozen products from wild sockeye and pink salmon had the lowest emissions in both markets. For consumers in the U.S. and Europe, wild salmon products have 46-86 % and 12-71 % lower greenhouse gas emissions than farmed Norwegian salmon, respectively, depending on species and product form. Farmed salmon also had higher land use, marine ecotoxic and eutrophying emissions and fish in, fish out ratio. Important differences exist in nutritional and contaminant content between the three types of salmon production. Improvement options as well as an optimized supply chain are modelled showing greenhouse gas reduction opportunities of 40-50 % also for the best performing chains. Results can be used as a baseline for improved data collection and emission reductions. Recommendations for consumers, industry and policymakers who can facilitate and even drive development towards more sustainable salmon products are provided.
三文鱼是一种营养丰富且深受全球富裕国家消费者喜爱的食品。自 20 世纪 90 年代中期以来，人工养殖三文鱼的产量已经超过了野生三文鱼的捕捞量，现在占全球三文鱼供应总量的 80%。人工养殖三文鱼的环境影响经常被讨论，消费者在决定晚餐吃三文鱼后，即使面对众多选择，仍会感到困惑：品种、生产方式、产地、产品形式。我们展示了来自阿拉斯加围网渔业的粉鲑和刺网渔业的红鲑的新鲜和冷冻三文鱼产品的生命周期影响，这些产品在欧洲和美国的市场上销售。然后，根据文献数据，以新鲜和冷冻形式对挪威三文鱼产品进行了建模，以同样的市场为模型。所包括的影响类别有温室气体排放、海洋富营养化、海洋生态毒性和土地利用。还计算了鱼类摄入与输出的比例，并描述了营养物质和污染物含量的差异。野生红鲑和粉鲑的冷冻产品在两个市场中的排放量都最低。对于美国和欧洲的消费者来说，野生三文鱼产品的温室气体排放量比挪威养殖三文鱼分别低 46-86%和 12-71%，具体取决于品种和产品形式。养殖三文鱼的土地利用、海洋生态毒性和富营养化排放以及鱼类摄入与输出的比例也更高。这三种三文鱼生产方式在营养成分和污染物含量方面存在重要差异。优化供应链和改进方案可以减少 40-50%的温室气体排放，即使是表现最好的供应链也有减排机会。研究结果可以作为改进数据收集和减少排放的基准。我们为消费者、行业和政策制定者提供了建议，他们可以促进甚至推动更可持续的三文鱼产品的发展。
