McAlarnen Lindsey A, Gupta Prachi, Singh Reena, Pradeep Sunila, Chaluvally-Raghavan Pradeep
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
Mol Ther Oncolytics. 2022 Aug 5;26:347-359. doi: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.08.005. eCollection 2022 Sep 15.
Ovarian cancer most commonly presents at an advanced stage where survival is approximately 30% compared with >80% if diagnosed and treated before disease spreads. Diagnostic capabilities have progressed from surgical staging via laparotomy to image-guided biopsies and immunohistochemistry staining, along with advances in technology and medicine. Despite improvements in diagnostic capabilities, population-level screening for ovarian cancer is not recommended. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are 40-150 nm structures formed when the cellular lipid bilayer invaginates. These structures function in cell signaling, immune responses, cancer progression, and establishing the tumor microenvironment. EVs are found in nearly every bodily fluid, including serum, plasma, ascites, urine, and effusion fluid, and contain molecular cargo from their cell of origin. This cargo can be analyzed to yield information about a possible malignancy. In this review we describe how the cargo of EVs has been studied as biomarkers in ovarian cancer. We bring together studies analyzing evidence for various cargos as ovarian cancer biomarkers. Then, we describe the role of EVs in modulation of the tumor microenvironment. This review also summarizes the therapeutic and translational potential of EVs for their optimal utilization as non-invasive biomarkers for novel treatments against cancer.
卵巢癌最常出现于晚期，此时其生存率约为30%，而在疾病扩散前确诊并治疗的话，生存率则超过80%。随着技术和医学的进步，诊断能力已从通过剖腹手术进行手术分期发展到影像引导下活检和免疫组化染色。尽管诊断能力有所提高，但不建议对卵巢癌进行人群水平的筛查。细胞外囊泡（EVs）是细胞脂质双层内陷时形成的40 - 150纳米结构。这些结构在细胞信号传导、免疫反应、癌症进展以及建立肿瘤微环境中发挥作用。EVs几乎存在于每种体液中，包括血清、血浆、腹水、尿液和渗出液，并包含来自其起源细胞的分子物质。可以对这些物质进行分析以获取有关可能存在的恶性肿瘤的信息。在本综述中，我们描述了如何将EVs的物质作为卵巢癌的生物标志物进行研究。我们汇总了分析各种物质作为卵巢癌生物标志物证据的研究。然后，我们描述了EVs在调节肿瘤微环境中的作用。本综述还总结了EVs作为针对癌症新疗法的非侵入性生物标志物的最佳利用的治疗和转化潜力。
