Kumar Ranjit, Chauhan Disha, Saini Geetika, Kumar Rakesh, Kumar Sunil, Sharma Dixit, Sharma Munish, Kumar Bharti Vijay, Kumar Arun, Ghosh Ashok
Department of Animal Science, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, India.
Department of Plant Science, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, India.
Curr Res Microb Sci. 2022;3:100162. doi: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100162. Epub 2022 Sep 6.
Corona virus is pandemic and responsible for more than 5.6 million deaths. It was observed that its severity was reported in varied ways in different countries and even in different states of India. This variation was critically evaluated in the area with high contamination of Arsenic (As) to understand the arsenic toxicity and Covid epidemiology and associated health effects in the human population. It was reported that the area with low arsenic contamination has a very high incidence rate of Corona infection in the world. Even in the Indian scenario, high As-contaminated states like West Bengal, Jharkhand and Bihar, the incidence rate is 1.994%, 1.114% and 0.661%, respectively. In contrast, states with the least arsenic contamination have a very high corona incidence rate like 6.308, 17.289 and 4.351, respectively. It was evident that Arsenic inhibits the RdRp complex, which leads to the inhibition of viral genome replication. The PAMP associated pathway was activated by Arsenic and effectively bound with viral spike proteins leading to effective clearance of virus through activation of TNF alpha and IL-1. It finally leads to increased production of IgE, IgG and IGA. Arsenic also enhances inflammatory response against the virus through increased production of cytokine. The high arsenic level also induces apoptosis in viral infected cells through Bax/Bak pathway. It activates cytochrome-c and caspase-3 activity, inducing apoptosis in viral infected cells through PARP activation in the nucleus. These combined findings suggest that high arsenic contamination causes replication inhibition, activates an inflammatory response, increases antibody production, and finally leads to apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. People residing in arsenic hit areas are at a very low threat of corona infection.
冠状病毒大流行，已导致超过560万人死亡。据观察，在不同国家甚至印度的不同邦，其严重程度的报告方式各不相同。在砷（As）污染严重的地区对这种差异进行了严格评估，以了解砷毒性、新冠病毒流行病学以及对人群的相关健康影响。据报道，世界上砷污染低的地区新冠病毒感染发病率非常高。即使在印度的情况中，像西孟加拉邦、贾坎德邦和比哈尔邦等高砷污染邦，发病率分别为1.994%、1.114%和0.661%。相比之下，砷污染最少的邦新冠病毒发病率非常高，分别为6.308、17.289和4.351。很明显，砷抑制RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶（RdRp）复合物，从而导致病毒基因组复制受到抑制。砷激活了病原体相关分子模式（PAMP）相关途径，并与病毒刺突蛋白有效结合，通过激活肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF alpha）和白细胞介素-1（IL-1）有效清除病毒。最终导致免疫球蛋白E（IgE）、免疫球蛋白G（IgG）和免疫球蛋白A（IGA）的产生增加。砷还通过增加细胞因子的产生增强对病毒的炎症反应。高砷水平还通过Bax/Bak途径诱导病毒感染细胞凋亡。它激活细胞色素c和半胱天冬酶-3的活性，通过激活细胞核中的聚（ADP-核糖）聚合酶（PARP）诱导病毒感染细胞凋亡。这些综合研究结果表明，高砷污染会导致复制抑制、激活炎症反应、增加抗体产生，并最终通过线粒体途径导致细胞凋亡。居住在砷污染地区的人感染新冠病毒的风险非常低。
