Pyridine-Based NNS Tridentate Chitosan Thiosemicarbazones and Their Copper(II) Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Anticancer Activity.

Chitosan-functionalized pyridine-based thiosemicarbazones and their copper(II) complexes have been found to own a substantial antiproliferative activity against the tumorigenic Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. In the current study, chitosan oligosaccharide (CS) (87% DDA, M < 3000 Da) and crab shell chitosan (CCS) (67% DDA, 350 kDa) were functionalized as chitosan pyridine-2-thiosemicarbazones and chitosan 2-acetyl pyridine-2-thiosemicarbazones, and their copper(II) complexes were synthesized. The formation of chitosan thiosemicarbazones and their NNS tridentate behavior to give the square planar copper(II) chitosan thiosemicarbazone complexes were established by spectroscopic studies, powder X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, and magnetic moment measurements. The thermal study showed a marked stability of these derivatives before the outset of chitosan backbone degradation at 200 °C. The colorimetric MTT assay revealed a higher activity of CS thiosemicarbazones, viz., CSTSC series (IC 375-381 μg mL in the MDCK cell line and 281-355 μg mL in the MCF-7 cell line) than that of high-molecular-weight CCS thiosemicarbazones, viz., CCSTSC series (IC 335-400 μg mL in the MDCK cell line and 365-400 μg mL in the MCF-7 cell line), showing an enhanced activity with a decrease in M and an increase in DDA of constituent chitosan, a higher activity of both of these series of thiosemicarbazones than that of their native chitosan, viz., CS (IC 370 μg mL in the MCF-7 cell line and >400 μg mL in the MDCK cell line) and CCS (IC50 > 400 μg mL in both cell lines), and a higher activity of the Cu-CSTSC complexes (IC 322-342 μg mL in the MDCK cell line and 278-352 μg mL in the MCF-7 cell line) and Cu-CCSTSC complexes (IC 274-400 μg mL in the MDCK cell line and 231-352 μg mL in the MCF-7 cell line) than that of their respective ligands.