Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland.
Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Dec 20;853:158641. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158641. Epub 2022 Sep 9.
This paper investigates the effectiveness of phenol derivatives removal from bird organisms via claws and remiges, and performs a preliminary assessment of the usefulness of these epidermal products for environmental biomonitoring and estimating bird exposure levels. Concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA) and alkylphenols: 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) were determined in claws and remiges of long-tailed ducks Clangula hyemalis and razorbills Alca torda, obtained during a by-catch in the winter period (2014-2016) in the Southern Baltic region. For razorbills, the Baltic is a permanent habitat, while long-tailed ducks are migratory and stay in the Southern Baltic only during the non-breeding season. Their remiges are replaced in the Arctic seas of Siberia. The removal of phenol derivatives, depending on the compound and the epidermal product, ranges from 12 % to 34 %. Among these compounds, in both bird species, the highest degree of elimination was observed for 4-NP in remiges (<0.1-656.0 ngg dw) as well as claws (<0.1-338.6 ngg dw). On the other hand, the least removed compound in both the long-tailed duck and the razorbill was 4-t-OP. The removal of phenol derivatives from claws in both bird species was at the same level. However, 4-NP concentrations were found to be statistically significantly higher in razorbill remiges compared to those of the long-tailed duck (p < 0.05). Comparison of concentrations in the remiges of the long-tailed duck and the razorbill, moulted in two different environments with different levels of pollution and distances from sources, indicated that the Baltic Sea is approximately 3 times more polluted with 4-NP than the marine areas of the Russian Arctic. This demonstrates the potential for the use of 4-NP and remiges as indicators of environmental pollution with phenol derivatives.
本文研究了通过爪和羽片从鸟类生物体中去除酚衍生物的效果，并对这些表皮产物在环境生物监测和估计鸟类暴露水平方面的有用性进行了初步评估。双酚 A（BPA）和烷基酚：4-叔辛基苯酚（4-t-OP）和 4-壬基苯酚（4-NP）的浓度在冬季（2014-2016 年）在南部波罗的海地区的副渔获物中获得的长尾鸭（Clangula hyemalis）和海雀（Alca torda）的爪和羽片中进行了测定。对于海雀而言，波罗的海是它们的永久栖息地，而长尾鸭是迁徙鸟类，仅在非繁殖季节才留在南部波罗的海。它们的羽片在西伯利亚的北极海域进行更换。取决于化合物和表皮产物，酚衍生物的去除率在 12％至 34％之间。在这两种鸟类中，4-NP 在羽片中（<0.1-656.0ngg dw）以及在爪中（<0.1-338.6ngg dw）的消除程度最高。另一方面，在长尾鸭和海雀中去除程度最低的化合物是 4-t-OP。两种鸟类的爪中酚衍生物的去除率处于同一水平。然而，与长尾鸭相比，海雀的羽片中 4-NP 的浓度要高得多（p<0.05）。在两个不同环境中（污染水平和与污染源的距离不同）更换的长尾鸭和海雀的羽片中的浓度进行比较表明，波罗的海受到 4-NP 的污染大约是俄罗斯北极海域的 3 倍。这表明 4-NP 和羽片可以作为酚衍生物环境污染的指示物。
