Pollen Travis R, Ebaugh David, Mohring Jason, Hutchinson Dean, Silfies Sheri P
Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA,USA.
Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE,USA.
J Sport Rehabil. 2022 Sep 20;32(2):183-189. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0435. Print 2023 Feb 1.
Swimming technique is widely believed to influence performance, but this relationship has rarely been tested objectively using a real-time poolside assessment.
To determine the (1) test-retest reliability, interrater reliability, and criterion validity (live vs video) of real-time poolside assessment of upper limb (UL) errors in front crawl (FC) swimming technique and (2) the relationship between UL errors and FC swimming performance.
Cross-sectional reliability, validity, and correlational study.
Swim team practice at a college natatorium.
Thirty-nine Division III college swimmers (21 women and 18 men, age = 19 [1] y, swimming experience = 11 [3] y).
Seven UL errors in FC swimming technique, many of which involved unnecessary vertical and mediolateral motions, were assessed in real time from outside the pool during swim practice. Test-retest reliability, interrater reliability, and criterion validity were calculated using Cohen kappa (κ) and weighted kappa (κw). Swimming performance was determined by the participants' best FC events relative to the conference records. The correlation between total UL errors and FC swimming performance was assessed with Pearson r.
Cohen κ and κw were moderate for the majority of errors, with the following ranges: 0.46 to 0.90 (test-retest), -0.01 to 1.00 (interrater), and 0.36 to 0.66 (criterion validity). There was a significant correlation between total UL errors and FC swimming performance: r(24) = -.59 (P = .001, R2 = .35).
Reliability and validity were moderate for the majority of errors. The fewer UL errors swimmers made while practicing FC, the faster their best FC race times tended to be relative to the conference record. UL errors in FC swimming technique explained 35% of the variance in performance.
人们普遍认为游泳技术会影响成绩，但这种关系很少通过实时池边评估进行客观测试。
确定（1）自由泳（FC）游泳技术中上肢（UL）错误的实时池边评估的重测信度、评分者间信度和效标效度（现场与视频），以及（2）UL错误与FC游泳成绩之间的关系。
横断面信度、效度和相关性研究。
大学游泳馆的游泳队训练场地。
39名 NCAA 三级联盟大学游泳运动员（21名女性和18名男性，年龄 = 19 [1] 岁，游泳经验 = 11 [3] 年）。
在游泳训练期间，从泳池外实时评估FC游泳技术中的7种UL错误，其中许多涉及不必要的垂直和内外侧动作。使用 Cohen κ 和加权 κ（κw）计算重测信度、评分者间信度和效标效度。游泳成绩由参与者相对于会议记录的最佳FC项目成绩确定。使用 Pearson r评估总UL错误与FC游泳成绩之间的相关性。
大多数错误的 Cohen κ 和 κw 为中等，范围如下：0.46至0.90（重测），-0.01至1.00（评分者间），以及0.36至0.66（效标效度）。总UL错误与FC游泳成绩之间存在显著相关性：r(24) = -0.59（P = 0.001，R2 = 0.35）。
大多数错误的信度和效度为中等。游泳运动员在练习FC时出现的UL错误越少，其相对于会议记录的最佳FC比赛成绩往往越快。FC游泳技术中的UL错误解释了成绩差异的35%。
