Common congenital skeletal anomalies of the thorax.

Bony anomalies of the thorax may occur as isolated problems, but are also seen in conjunction with other skeletal or organ anomalies. Among the most common thoracic osseous anomalies are pectus excavatum, pectus carinatum, sternal ossification abnormalities, and deformity of the spine, ribs, clavicle, or scapula. The presence of any of these anomalies should increase the index of suspicion for associated problems. Review of the history and physical examination, combined with a knowledge of commonly associated malformations, will allow appropriate additional imaging studies to be selected. Many osseous anomalies of the thorax do not require treatment; in some instances, however, problems with function, progressive deformity, or cosmetic considerations may necessitate surgical treatment.