Self-assembled colloidal arrays for structural color.

Structural color materials that are colloidally assembled as inspired by nature are attracting increased interest in a wide range of research fields. The assembly of colloidal particles provides a facile and cost-effective strategy for fabricating three-dimensional structural color materials. In this review, the generation mechanisms of structural colors from colloidally assembled photonic crystalline structures (PCSs) and photonic amorphous structures (PASs) are first presented, followed by the state-of-the-art and detailed technologies for their fabrication. The variable optical properties of PASs and PCSs are then discussed, focusing on their spatial long- and short-order structures and surface topography, followed by a detailed description of the modulation of structural color by refractive index and lattice distance. Finally, the current applications of structural color materials colloidally assembled in various fields including biomaterials, microfluidic chips, sensors, displays, and anticounterfeiting are reviewed, together with future applications and tasks to be accomplished.