Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia.
Department for Phytomedicine and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
Toxins (Basel). 2022 Sep 5;14(9):621. doi: 10.3390/toxins14090621.
The cereal grains, which represent the cultivated grasses fruits, supply almost half of the total caloric requirements for humans and provide more nourishment compared with any other class of the food. Out of many cereals used for food, maize, rice, and wheat are the most important food resources for humans, representing 94% of the total cereals consumption. According to the data of the Republic Institute of Statistics for the year 2018, the harvested areas of corn amount to 906,753 hectares. The production of about 7 million tons was achieved with an average yield of 7.7 t/ha according to the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Serbia. Serbia is still among the ten largest exporters of wheat and corn in the world for the period of 2014/15-2017/18. More precisely, it ranks seventh in the export of corn. Utilization of maize products for food animal nutrition (1000 t) is 491,48, and for industrial processing (1000 t) 278,862 expressed as the total consumption (1000 t) is 769,910. Therefore, a total of 103 samples of maize products were analyzed for the presence of toxins, i.e., tropane alkaloids (TAs). The samples were collected from the retail stores in the Republic of Serbia in 2021 and analyzed for the presence of atropine and scopolamine (33 corn grits, 39 polenta, and 31 semolina samples). Therefore, the Recommendation 2015/976/EU on the monitoring of TAs in food was adopted by the EU Commission to obtain more occurrence data on TAs in food. The monitoring extent, however, is restricted because reliable analytical methods and appropriate sensitivity are limited. There was a limit of 1 g/kg for each atropine and scopolamine in cereals containing millet, sorghum, buckwheat, or their derivatives. All the samples were analyzed by the LC-MS/MS. The LOQ was set at 1.0 μg/kg. Out of the total 103 tested samples, 32 samples (31.1%) were contaminated with atropine and scopolamine in concentrations above the LOQ. The highest concentrations of the studied TAs were observed in a semolina sample-atropine: 58.80 μg/kg, scopolamine: 10.20 μg/kg. The obtained results indicate that the TAs concentrations are above the LOQ which can be considered potential human and animal health hazards.
谷物是经过栽培的草类果实，为人类提供了近一半的总热量需求，并且比其他任何一类食物都更具营养价值。在被用于食品的众多谷物中，玉米、大米和小麦是人类最重要的食物资源，占谷物总消费量的 94%。根据 2018 年共和国统计局的数据，玉米的收获面积达到了 906753 公顷。塞尔维亚农业部称，玉米的产量约为 700 万吨，平均产量为每公顷 7.7 吨。在 2014/15 年至 2017/18 年期间，塞尔维亚仍然是世界上十大小麦和玉米出口国之一。更确切地说，它在玉米出口方面排名第七。用于食品动物营养（1000 吨）的玉米产品利用率为 491.48%，用于工业加工（1000 吨）的利用率为 278.862%，以总消费量（1000 吨）表示为 769.910%。因此，2021 年从塞尔维亚的零售店共采集了 103 个玉米产品样本进行毒素分析，即托烷生物碱（TAs）。这些样本是为了检测存在阿托品和东莨菪碱而采集的（33 个玉米粗粉、39 个玉米粥和 31 个粗粒玉米粉样本）。因此，欧盟委员会通过了 2015/976/EU 号建议，以监测食品中的 TAs，从而获得更多关于食品中 TAs 的发生数据。然而，由于可靠的分析方法和适当的灵敏度有限，监测范围受到限制。在含有小米、高粱、荞麦或其衍生物的谷物中，每种阿托品和东莨菪碱的限量为 1 克/千克。所有样本均采用 LC-MS/MS 进行分析。定量限设定为 1.0μg/kg。在总共 103 个测试样本中，有 32 个样本（31.1%）的阿托品和东莨菪碱浓度超过了定量限。在所研究的 TAs 中，最高浓度出现在一个粗粒玉米粉样本中-阿托品：58.80μg/kg，东莨菪碱：10.20μg/kg。结果表明，TAs 浓度超过了定量限，这可能被认为是对人类和动物健康的潜在危害。
