Kajmovic Husnija, Karpljuk Damir, Kapo Safet, Simenko Jozef
Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Biology (Basel). 2022 Aug 29;11(9):1284. doi: 10.3390/biology11091284.
Background: This research aimed to compare individual penalties by gender and weight categories in judo from the Judo World Championships (WC): Budapest—2017, Baku—2018, Tokyo—2019 and Budapest—2021 in all individual weight categories for females and males. Methods: Data were collected by notational analysis of 2041 penalty videos for females and 3473 penalty videos for males (total n = 5514). All individual penalties—Shido 1, 2, 3 and Hansoku Make (direct disqualification) were analysed by the Pearson chi-square test at the level of statistical significance of 5%. Results: Significant differences were noted in the assigned individual penalties between individual categories (p < 0.001) in both genders. The significant difference was contributed mainly by the weight category +78 kg with penalties Non-combativity (5.3) and Avoid Grip (−3.4) in females, while in males it impacted by the +100 kg weight category and the Non-combativity (4.2) and Avoid Grip (−4.0) penalties. For females, the most dominant individual penalties were Non-combativity (41.6%), Avoid Grip (16.2%) and False Attack (15.0%), and were Non-combativity (40.3%), Avoid Grip (19.5%) and False Attack (16.4%) for males. The largest number of penalties in females were in −52 kg (16.7%), −57 kg (15.9%) and +78 kg (15.2%) categories, while in males, they were −66 kg (17.2%), −73 kg (16.1%) and −90 kg (15.6%). Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight the leading penalties in all weight categories for both genders on WC to be Non-combativity, Avoid Grip and False Attack. Additionally, a new trend in heavyweight athletes with a lower number of penalties is noted. The obtained results indicate the need to pay more attention to working with competitors of all ages and genders on education to implement tactical variants, forms and means to use penalties to athletes’ advantage, especially after a possible rule change and to lower the occurrence of injuries.
本研究旨在比较2017年布达佩斯、2018年巴库、2019年东京和2021年布达佩斯世界柔道锦标赛（WC）中按性别和体重类别划分的个人罚分情况，涵盖所有男女个人体重级别。方法：通过对2041段女子罚分视频和3473段男子罚分视频（总计n = 5514）进行记录分析来收集数据。所有个人罚分——即犯规警告1、2、3以及直接取消资格（犯规败北），均采用Pearson卡方检验进行分析，统计显著性水平为5%。结果：在两个性别的各个体重级别之间，所分配的个人罚分存在显著差异（p < 0.001）。显著差异主要由女子 +78公斤级别的非竞技性（5.3）和逃避抓握（−3.4）罚分导致，而男子则受 +100公斤级别以及非竞技性（4.2）和逃避抓握（−4.0）罚分影响。对于女子而言，最主要的个人罚分是非竞技性（41.6%）、逃避抓握（16.2%）和假攻击（15.0%），男子则是非竞技性（40.3%）、逃避抓握（19.5%）和假攻击（16.4%）。女子罚分最多的级别是−52公斤级（16.7%）、−57公斤级（15.9%）和 +78公斤级（15.2%），而男子是−66公斤级（17.2%）、−73公斤级（16.1%）和−90公斤级（15.6%）。结论：本研究结果凸显了世界锦标赛中所有体重级别男女的主要罚分是非竞技性、逃避抓握和假攻击。此外，还注意到重量级运动员罚分数量较少这一新趋势。所得结果表明，需要更加重视对所有年龄和性别的参赛者进行教育，以实施战术变体、形式和手段，让运动员利用罚分优势，特别是在可能的规则变更之后，并降低受伤发生率。
