() Gene Methylation in Human Breast Cancer: Critical Appraisal of a Long and Twisted Story.

Epigenetic inactivation of a tumor suppressor gene by aberrant DNA methylation is a well-established defect in human tumor cells, complementing genetic inactivation by mutation (germline or somatic). In human breast cancer, aberrant gene methylation has diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive potential. A prominent example is the hypermethylation of the gene, encoding the adhesion protein E-Cadherin ("epithelial cadherin"). In numerous publications, it is reported as frequently affected by gene methylation in human breast cancer. However, over more than two decades of research, contradictory results concerning gene methylation in human breast cancer accumulated. Therefore, we review the available evidence for and against the role of DNA methylation of the gene in human breast cancer and discuss in detail the methodological reasons for conflicting results, which are of general importance for the analysis of aberrant DNA methylation in human cancer specimens. Since the loss of protein expression is a hallmark of invasive lobular breast cancer (ILBC), special attention is paid to gene methylation as a potential mechanism for loss of expression in this special subtype of human breast cancer. Proper understanding of the methodological basis is of utmost importance for the correct interpretation of results supposed to demonstrate the presence and clinical relevance of aberrant DNA methylation in cancer specimens.