Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Krakow, Poland.
Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biochemistry, Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Sep 16;23(18):10843. doi: 10.3390/ijms231810843.
The activity and quantity of mitochondrial proteins and the mitochondrial volume density (Mito) are higher in trained muscles; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Our goal was to determine if 20 weeks' endurance training simultaneously increases running performance, the amount and activity of mitochondrial proteins, and Mito in the gastrocnemius muscle in humans. Eight healthy, untrained young men completed a 20-week moderate-intensity running training program. The training increased the mean speed of a 1500 m run by 14.0% (p = 0.008) and the running speed at 85% of maximal heart rate by 9.6% (p = 0.008). In the gastrocnemius muscle, training significantly increased mitochondrial dynamics markers, i.e., peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) by 23%, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) by 29%, optic artrophy-1 (OPA1) by 31% and mitochondrial fission factor (MFF) by 44%, and voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) by 30%. Furthermore, training increased the amount and maximal activity of citrate synthase (CS) by 10% and 65%, respectively, and the amount and maximal activity of cytochrome oxidase (COX) by 57% and 42%, respectively, but had no effect on the total Mito in the gastrocnemius muscle. We concluded that not Mito per se, but mitochondrial COX activity (reflecting oxidative phosphorylation activity), should be regarded as a biomarker of muscle adaptation to endurance training in beginner runners.
经过 20 周的耐力训练，人体腓肠肌中的线粒体蛋白含量和活性以及线粒体体积密度（Mito）增加，运动表现也得到提高，但具体的机制尚不清楚。本研究旨在探讨 20 周的中等强度耐力训练是否能同时提高跑步表现、线粒体蛋白含量和活性以及腓肠肌 Mito。8 名未经训练的健康年轻男性完成了 20 周的中等强度跑步训练计划。训练使 1500 米跑的平均速度提高了 14.0%（p = 0.008），85%最大心率跑速提高了 9.6%（p = 0.008）。腓肠肌中，训练显著增加了线粒体动力学标志物，过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子 1-α（PGC-1α）增加了 23%，线粒体转录因子 A（TFAM）增加了 29%，视神经萎缩症-1（OPA1）增加了 31%，线粒体分裂因子（MFF）增加了 44%，电压依赖性阴离子通道 1（VDAC1）增加了 30%。此外，训练使柠檬酸合酶（CS）的含量和最大活性分别增加了 10%和 65%，细胞色素氧化酶（COX）的含量和最大活性分别增加了 57%和 42%，但腓肠肌的总 Mito 没有变化。综上所述，对于刚开始进行耐力训练的跑步者来说，应该将线粒体 COX 活性（反映氧化磷酸化活性）而非单纯的 Mito 作为肌肉对耐力训练适应的生物标志物。
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