Melegari Maria G, Bruni Oliviero, Sacco Roberto, Costa Anna, Russo Claudia, Ferri Raffaele, Caravale Barbara
Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
Consortium Humanitas, Lumsa University, Rome, Italy.
Minerva Pediatr (Torino). 2022 Sep 23. doi: 10.23736/S2724-5276.22.06885-9.
Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity (ADHD) and/or Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) show high rates of motor difficulties in daily activities. This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ) in identifying motor characteristics in daily activities, differentiating children with ADHD-only, with DCD-only and with ADHD and DCD comorbidity.
Thirty-three children with ADHD-only, 30 with DCD-only, 33 with ADHD/DCD, and 35 controls participated to the study. Diagnosis satisfied DSM-5 criteria for ADHD and DCD. The DCDQ was administered to all children; moreover, the association between DCDQ scores and ADHD symptoms, measured by SNAP-IV, and motor coordination severity, measured by M-ABC subscales, was examined.
The DCDQ subscale scores were significantly lower in all clinical groups than in controls, but only minimal differences were found between the clinical groups. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of DCDQ identified five components showing the best adaptability and accounting for 71% of the variance. Both ADHD-only and ADHD/DCD achieved a better performance than DCD-only in the "Motor control in running/jumping". Conversely, children with DCD-only performed better in "General coordination". ADHD-only reached better mean scores than ADHD/DCD in "Motor control with the ball" and, than DCD, in "Planning". Inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity at SNAP-IV, and balance at M-ABC, represented the main predictors for ADHD-only, ADHD/DCD and DCD-only, respectively.
DCDQ may represent a useful measure to detect the different areas of difficulties in children with neurodevelopmental disorders and provides suggestions for identifying distinct altered processes underlying ADHD and DCD, alone or in comorbidity.
患有注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）和/或发育性协调障碍（DCD）的儿童在日常活动中表现出较高的运动困难发生率。本研究旨在检验发育性协调障碍问卷（DCDQ）在识别日常活动中的运动特征、区分仅患有ADHD、仅患有DCD以及患有ADHD和DCD共病的儿童方面的有效性和可靠性。
33名仅患有ADHD的儿童、30名仅患有DCD的儿童、33名患有ADHD/DCD的儿童和35名对照组儿童参与了本研究。诊断符合DSM-5中ADHD和DCD的标准。所有儿童均接受了DCDQ测试；此外，还检验了DCDQ得分与通过SNAP-IV测量的ADHD症状以及通过M-ABC分量表测量的运动协调严重程度之间的关联。
所有临床组的DCDQ分量表得分均显著低于对照组，但各临床组之间仅发现极小差异。DCDQ的主成分分析（PCA）确定了五个成分，显示出最佳适应性，占方差的71%。在“跑步/跳跃中的运动控制”方面，仅患有ADHD和患有ADHD/DCD的儿童表现均优于仅患有DCD的儿童。相反，仅患有DCD的儿童在“总体协调性”方面表现更好。在“球类运动控制”方面，仅患有ADHD的儿童平均得分优于患有ADHD/DCD的儿童，在“计划”方面，优于仅患有DCD的儿童。SNAP-IV中的注意力不集中、多动冲动以及M-ABC中的平衡分别是仅患有ADHD、患有ADHD/DCD和仅患有DCD的主要预测指标。
DCDQ可能是检测神经发育障碍儿童不同困难领域的有用指标，并为识别ADHD和DCD单独或共病时潜在的不同改变过程提供建议。
