Mustafa Ghulam, Huo Weidong, Pervaiz Amber, Ullah Muhammad Rizwan, Zulfiqar Muhammad
Department of Economics, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan.
School of Finance and Trade, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China.
Heliyon. 2022 Sep 19;8(9):e10699. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10699. eCollection 2022 Sep.
The study aims to conduct a consumer demand analysis of the food market of Pakistan by estimating its own price and cross-price elasticities. This study also examines expenditure and income elasticities to show the influence of relative change in price, total expenditure, and income on the relative change in demanded quantities of the selected food products. The study takes meat, vegetables, fruits, and pulses as different food baskets and estimates income elasticities, including uncompensated (Marshallian) and compensated (Hicksian) own price and cross-price elasticities. The findings are concluded based on Marshallian elasticity as it provides more accurate images of substitutes and complements compared with Hicksian elasticity. The study applies the Linear Approximate Almost Ideal Demand System model to estimate the results by acquiring data from a household integrated economic survey of Pakistan from 2018 to 2019. The findings of expenditure elasticity (uncompensated own price elasticity) reveal that vegetables and pulses are normal (inelastic) goods, whereas meat and fruits are luxury (elastic) goods. The results of uncompensated cross-price elasticities reveal that vegetables and meat, and vegetables and fruits are substitutable commodities. In addition, pulses and vegetables, and pulses and meat are complementary goods. The study suggests fruitful implications for food policymakers.
该研究旨在通过估计巴基斯坦食品市场的自身价格弹性和交叉价格弹性，对其进行消费者需求分析。本研究还考察支出弹性和收入弹性，以显示价格、总支出和收入的相对变化对所选食品需求量相对变化的影响。该研究将肉类、蔬菜、水果和豆类作为不同的食品篮子，并估计收入弹性，包括非补偿性（马歇尔）和补偿性（希克斯）自身价格弹性和交叉价格弹性。研究结果基于马歇尔弹性得出，因为与希克斯弹性相比，它能提供更准确的替代品和互补品情况。该研究应用线性近似几乎理想需求系统模型，通过获取2018年至2019年巴基斯坦家庭综合经济调查的数据来估计结果。支出弹性（非补偿性自身价格弹性）的研究结果表明，蔬菜和豆类是正常（缺乏弹性）商品，而肉类和水果是奢侈（富有弹性）商品。非补偿性交叉价格弹性的结果表明，蔬菜和肉类、蔬菜和水果是可替代商品。此外，豆类和蔬菜、豆类和肉类是互补商品。该研究为食品政策制定者提出了有益的启示。
