Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Endocrinology Unit, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy.
Curr Obes Rep. 2022 Dec;11(4):287-304. doi: 10.1007/s13679-022-00481-1. Epub 2022 Sep 30.
Obesity is a chronic disease, a major public health problem due to its association with non-communicable diseases and all-cause mortality. Indeed, people with obesity are at increased risk for a variety of obesity-related disorders including hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and several cancers. Many popular diets with very different macronutrient composition, including the Mediterranean diet (MD), have been used, proposed, and studied for prevention and management of obesity. In particular, MD has been the subject of countless studies over the years and now boasts a large body of scientific literature. In this review, we aimed to update current knowledge by summarizing the most recent evidence on the effect of MD on obesity and obesity-related disorders.
The negative effects of obesity are partly reversed by substantial weight loss that can be achieved with MD, especially when low-calorie and in combination with adequate physical activity. In addition, the composition of MD has been correlated with an excellent effect on reducing dyslipidemia. It also positively modulates the gut microbiota and immune system, significantly decreasing inflammatory mediators, a common ground for many obesity-related disorders. People with obesity are at increased risk for a variety of medical disorders including hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, there is an inevitable need for measures to manage obesity and its related disorders. At this point, MD has been proposed as a valuable nutritional intervention. It is characterized by a high consumption of vegetables, fruit, nuts, cereals, whole grains, and extra virgin olive oil, as well as a moderate consumption of fish and poultry, and a limited intake of sweets, red meat, and dairy products. MD proves to be the healthiest dietary pattern available to tackle obesity and prevent several non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.
目的综述：肥胖是一种慢性疾病，由于其与非传染性疾病和全因死亡率的关系，是一个主要的公共卫生问题。事实上，肥胖人群患各种肥胖相关疾病的风险增加，包括高血压、血脂异常、2 型糖尿病、心血管疾病和多种癌症。人们使用了许多不同宏量营养素组成的流行饮食，包括地中海饮食（Mediterranean diet，MD），并提出和研究了这些饮食来预防和治疗肥胖。特别是，MD 多年来一直是无数研究的主题，现在拥有大量的科学文献。在本次综述中，我们旨在通过总结 MD 对肥胖和肥胖相关疾病影响的最新证据来更新当前的知识。
最新发现：MD 可通过大幅减重来减轻肥胖的负面影响，特别是当与低热量饮食和足够的体育活动相结合时。此外，MD 的组成与降低血脂异常的极佳效果相关。它还能积极调节肠道微生物群和免疫系统，显著减少炎症介质，这是许多肥胖相关疾病的共同基础。肥胖人群患多种医疗疾病的风险增加，包括高血压、血脂异常、2 型糖尿病和心血管疾病。因此，有必要采取措施来管理肥胖及其相关疾病。此时，MD 已被提议作为一种有价值的营养干预措施。其特点是大量食用蔬菜、水果、坚果、谷物、全谷物和特级初榨橄榄油，适量食用鱼类和家禽，以及限制食用甜食、红肉和乳制品。MD 被证明是应对肥胖和预防多种非传染性疾病（包括心血管疾病和 2 型糖尿病）最健康的饮食模式。
