Department of Oral Biology, Dental Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60132 Indonesia.
College of Business Administration, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
Rev Environ Health. 2022 Oct 3;39(1):77-90. doi: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0096. Print 2024 Mar 25.
Heavy metals are chemical elements with unique properties that are toxic even in low concentrations and affect human health with different functions. Agricultural and industrial activities, improper disposal of household solid waste and residues related to industrial producers, discharge of household wastewater and agricultural fertilizers are the most important ways in which toxic heavy metals enter the environment, which harms human health and life. A narrative review of the literature was done from 2000 to 2022 based on searched databases included Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer, Web of Science, and Science Direct (Scopus). All relevant studies published 2000 until 2022 gathered. According to the databases, 820 articles were retrieved. 186 and 50 articles were found and selected based on records identified through database searching and additional records identified through other sources. In the next stage, 97 studies were screened after review and 64 full-text articles entered into the analysis process. Finally, 45 articles were selected in this study. Adverse effects of heavy metals on various conditions in the body depend on a number of factors, including dose, route of exposure and chemical species, as well as age, sex, genetics, nutritional status, and duration of exposure to the heavy metal. The existence of significant relationships between long-term and short-term exposure to toxic heavy metals and their adverse effects, including carcinogenicity, has been extensively studied and proven through numerous experiments. However, the mechanisms associated with this complication have not been properly identified, so in future research, there is a great need for comprehensive studies on the carcinogenicity of heavy metals.
重金属是具有独特性质的化学元素，即使在低浓度下也具有毒性，并通过不同的功能影响人类健康。农业和工业活动、家庭固体废物的不当处理以及与工业生产者相关的残留物、家庭废水和农业肥料的排放，是有毒重金属进入环境的最重要途径，从而危害人类健康和生命。根据 2000 年至 2022 年搜索的数据库，包括谷歌学术、PubMed、施普林格、Web of Science 和 Science Direct（Scopus），对文献进行了叙述性综述。收集了 2000 年至 2022 年发表的所有相关研究。根据数据库，检索到 820 篇文章。通过数据库搜索确定的记录和通过其他来源确定的其他记录，发现并选择了 186 篇和 50 篇文章。在接下来的阶段，经过审查筛选出 97 项研究，64 篇全文文章进入分析过程。最后，本研究选择了 45 篇文章。重金属对体内各种情况的不良影响取决于许多因素，包括剂量、暴露途径和化学物质，以及年龄、性别、遗传、营养状况和暴露于重金属的时间长短。长期和短期接触有毒重金属及其不良影响（包括致癌性）之间存在显著关系，已经通过大量实验得到广泛研究和证明。然而，与这种并发症相关的机制尚未得到正确识别，因此在未来的研究中，非常有必要对重金属的致癌性进行全面研究。
