MIT Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142.
School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Oct 11;119(41):e2211144119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2211144119. Epub 2022 Oct 4.
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, mask wearing has become a global phenomenon. How do masks influence wearers' behavior in everyday life? We examine the effect of masks on wearers' deviant behavior in China, where mask wearing is mostly a public-health issue rather than a political issue. Drawing on behavioral ethics research, we test two competing hypotheses: (a) masks disinhibit wearers' deviant behavior by increasing their sense of anonymity and (b) masks are a moral symbol that reduces wearers' deviant behavior by heightening their moral awareness. The latter hypothesis was consistently supported by 10 studies (including direct replications) using mixed methods (e.g., traffic camera recording analysis, observational field studies, experiments, and natural field experiment) and different measures of deviant behavior (e.g., running a red light, bike parking in no-parking zones, cheating for money, and deviant behavior in the library). Our research ( = 68,243) is among the first to uncover the psychological and behavioral consequences of mask wearing beyond its health benefits.
自 COVID-19 爆发以来，佩戴口罩已成为一种全球现象。口罩如何影响佩戴者在日常生活中的行为？我们在中国考察了口罩对佩戴者越轨行为的影响，在中国，戴口罩主要是一个公共卫生问题，而不是政治问题。本研究借鉴行为伦理研究，检验了两种相互竞争的假设：（a）口罩通过增加佩戴者的匿名感来抑制他们的越轨行为；（b）口罩是一种道德象征，通过提高佩戴者的道德意识来减少他们的越轨行为。后者假设在 10 项研究（包括直接重复）中得到了一致支持，这些研究采用了混合方法（例如，交通摄像头记录分析、观察性实地研究、实验和自然实地实验）和不同的越轨行为衡量标准（例如，闯红灯、在禁停区停车、为了钱作弊和图书馆里的越轨行为）。我们的研究（n=68,243）是首批揭示口罩除了对健康有益之外的心理和行为后果的研究之一。
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