School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
J Neurodev Disord. 2022 Oct 5;14(1):54. doi: 10.1186/s11689-022-09462-w.
Anxiety symptomatology is common in individuals with intellectual disability (ID). Symptomatology includes both traditional Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) anxiety disorders and autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-related anxiety traits. Some genetic disorders such as Cornelia de Lange (CdLS) and fragile X syndromes (FXS) are at very high risk of anxiety and afford the opportunity to examine prevalence, profiles and associated person characteristics. However, prevalence and associated characteristics of anxiety in these high-risk groups remain poorly described and understood. The aim of the current study was to examine the prevalence and profile of DSM-5 and ASD-related anxiety symptomatology in individuals with CdLS and FXS and associated behavioural and cognitive characteristics.
Questionnaires and interviews assessing DSM-5 and ASD-related anxiety were conducted with caregivers of individuals with CdLS (n = 49) and FXS (n = 36).
DSM-5 anxiety symptomatology was present in both groups with high co-morbidity across anxiety diagnoses. ASD-related anxiety was also prevalent with specific difficulties related to intolerance of uncertainty identified in both groups. Symptomatology was persistent over the lifespan for both groups. Anxiety type was partially associated with repetitive behaviour but not measures of overall ASD phenomenology in CdLS.
DSM-5 and ASD-related anxiety are common in these high-risk syndromes associated with ID. Prospective syndrome specific presentations and associations, which may implicate specific underlying mechanisms, are discussed. Clinicians should be aware of the risk and difficulties involved in assessment of anxiety in individuals with ID, including atypical types, to ensure these individuals do not "miss" diagnoses and support in general clinical practice.
焦虑症状在智力障碍（ID）个体中很常见。症状包括传统的《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》第 5 版（DSM-5）焦虑障碍和自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）相关的焦虑特征。一些遗传疾病，如科里纳·德·兰格（CdLS）和脆性 X 综合征（FXS），患有焦虑症的风险非常高，这为检查患病率、特征和相关个体特征提供了机会。然而，这些高风险群体中焦虑的患病率和相关特征仍描述和理解不足。本研究旨在研究 CdLS 和 FXS 个体中 DSM-5 和 ASD 相关的焦虑症状的患病率和特征，以及相关的行为和认知特征。
对 CdLS（n=49）和 FXS（n=36）个体的照顾者进行了评估 DSM-5 和 ASD 相关焦虑的问卷和访谈。
两组个体均存在 DSM-5 焦虑症状，且各诊断之间存在高度共病。ASD 相关的焦虑也很普遍，两组都存在与不确定性不耐受有关的特定困难。两组个体的症状都持续存在于整个生命周期。焦虑类型与 CdLS 中的重复行为部分相关，但与总体 ASD 表现无关。
在这些与 ID 相关的高风险综合征中，DSM-5 和 ASD 相关的焦虑很常见。讨论了与特定综合征相关的前瞻性表现和关联，这可能涉及特定的潜在机制。临床医生应该意识到 ID 个体评估焦虑的风险和困难，包括非典型类型，以确保这些个体不会“错过”诊断，并在一般临床实践中提供支持。
